how much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself
self-esteem
congenital deformities of the brain and spinal cord caused by incomplete development of the neural tube, the embryonic structure that forms the nervous system
neural tube defects
action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other. 18 months to 2 yrs
parallel play
Piaget's stages of cognitive development - birth to 2
sensorimotor
with age, we gradually withdraw from social participation and simultaneously are relieved of social responsibilities
Social Disengagement Theory
a person's pattern of living as expressed in his or her activities, interests, and opinions
lifestyle
the ability to solve problems providing an individual can see or physically handle the issues involved
concrete logical thinking
identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives
empathy
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
attachment
events that are expected to happen at a particular time
predictable events
harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the land, air, or water
pollutant
refers to the process in which the child comes to understanding the social norms of a wider society - includes education/teachers, the media, peers, religion and the workplace
secondary socialisation
19-45 years
early adulthood
stresses importance of attachment in first year and responsiveness of caregiver
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment
an infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 and 14 months
separation anxiety
being deprived of the opportunity to form an attachment
privation
modifying an old schema to fit a new object or problem
accommodation
infants is engrossed in his own play may be aware of other children around but does not attempt to play with them. 12 to 18 months
solo play
a figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
life expectancy
child learning the norms and values of the culture they are growing up in
primary socialisation
klines on a graph to show average measurements of height, weight and head circumference. The lines represent the values of the measurements taking into account age and sex
centile/percentiles
the characteristics that a person sees in himself or herself
self-image
a period of rapid growth during which young people reach sexual maturity and become biologically capable of reproducing and secondary sex characteristics develop
puberty
increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
positive reinforcement
indicate the typical age at which individuals display various behaviours and abilities
development norms
65+ years
later adulthood
seeing the world from only your own point of view; the inability to take another person's perspective
egocentric thinking
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
stranger anxiety
9-18 years
adolescence
an increase in some measured quantity, such as height or weight
growth
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
authoritarian parenting
Piaget's stages of cognitive development - 11 to 18
formal operational
children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behaviour. 3 to 4 yrs
associative play
a vulnerability or predisposition to developing a disorder
diathesis
events that happen unexpectedly and which may have serious physical and psychological effects on the individual - these effects can be positive or negative
unpredictable events
predetermined biological plan for development
Gesell's Maturational Theory
abnormally low body temperature
hypothermia
a parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behaviour
authorative parenting
chemical substances that carry messages through the body in blood
hormones
awareness formed in early childhood of being an individual, a unique person and different from everyone else
self-concept
the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
nurture
0-2 years
infancy
any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
punishment
play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests. 4 to 6 yrs
cooperative play
the ability to solve problems using imagination without having to be involved practically. This is an advanced form of thinking that does not always need a practical context in order to take place
abstract logical thinking
capacity to perceive and to express feelings, requires ability to explore and process feelings
emotional literacy
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
menopause
physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping
gross motor skills
the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
nature
loss of ability to think logically; concentration and memory are affected
cognitive impairment
form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain
vascular dementia
3-8 years
early childhood
theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby
activity theory
a connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together
cartilage
a parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behaviour
permissive parenting
Piaget's stages of cognitive development - 2 to 7
preoperational
a family that provides a negative environment that discourages the growth and development of family members
dysfunctional family
physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin
fine motor skills
humans have innate ability to adapt to grammar rules to create new sentences
Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device
a state of cognitive balance when a child's experience is in line with what they understand
equilibrium
an inherited genetic pattern that makes one susceptible to a certain disease
genetic predisposition
the manner in which parents rear their children; an authoritative parenting style, which balances demandingness and responsiveness, is seen as the most effective
parenting style
conditions affecting the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity
respiratory disorders
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (note: negative reinforcement is not punishment)
negative reinforcement
complex changes including an increase in skills, abilities and capabilities
development
an ability achieved by most children by a certain age
milestone
the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
median
one who delivers person-centred care in a home which encourages independence
enabler
46-65 years
middle adulthood
the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about what is important that help guide the way you live
values
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively uninfluenced by experience
maturation
questionnaire to help learn levels of stress and likely stress related disorders
Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale
a state of cognitive imbalance between experience and what is understood
disequilibrium
Piaget's stages of cognitive development - 7 to 11
concrete operational
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
attitude
any disorder or disease of the heart or blood vessels
cardiovascular problems
emphasizing learning through observation, vicarious learning and modelling
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
being deprived of a caregiver with whom an attachment already exists
deprivation
the state or fact of being likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing
susceptibility
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