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Biology 3rd midterm

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  • Which enzyme joins Okazaki fragments?
    Ligase.
  • What is apoptosis?
    Programmed cell death.
  • What is base complementarity in DNA?
    A pairs with T, C pairs with G.
  • What happens in anaphase?
    Sister chromatids are pulled apart.
  • What happens in prophase?
    Chromosomes condense and spindle forms.
  • What structure attaches to chromosomes during mitosis?
    Spindle fibers.
  • Transcription is the process by which:
    An mRNA molecule is formed using a DNA strand as a template..
  • Which enzyme adds nucleotides during replication?
    DNA polymerase.
  • What stage is this?
    Metaphase
  • What stage is this?
    Anaphase
  • What structure is shown in the picture?
    spindle fibers
  • What stage is this?
    Prophase
  • What is protein synthesis?
    The process of building proteins from amino acids.
  • Which is the longest stage of the cell division?
    Interphase
  • What happens in metaphase?
    Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
  • What are okazaki fragments?
    short, discontinuous segments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
  • Why is DNA replication semi-conservative?
    Each new molecule keeps one old strand and one new strand.
  • What happens in cytokinesis?
    The cytoplasm divides into two cells.
  • What is the role of mRNA?
    It carries the genetic code from DNA.
  • What molecule is the template for transcription?
    DNA template strand.
  • Where does translation occur?
    Cytoplasm and Ribosomes.
  • What is the role of ribosomes?
    They read codons and assemble proteins.
  • What stage is this?
    Telophase
  • During which phase does DNA replicate?
    S phase.
  • What are the characteristics of the genetic code?
    Universal and degenerate.
  • What is a codon?
    A three-base sequence on mRNA.
  • What is the product of transcription?
    mRNA.
  • The purpose of the translation process is:
    Replicate genetic material before cell division.
    Synthesize proteins from the information contained in mRNA
    To form an RNA molecule complementary to DNA.
    Copy the DNA information into an mRNA molecule.
  • What organizes spindle fibers in animal cells?
    Centrioles.
  • What is cancer?
    Uncontrolled cell division.
  • What are the three stages of Interphase?
    G1, S, and G2.
  • What causes mutations?
    Replication errors or external agents like UV or chemicals.
  • What is the role of tRNA?
    It brings amino acids to the ribosome.
  • What is the direction of DNA synthesis?
    5’ to 3’.
  • What happens in telophase?
    Nuclear membranes reform around chromosomes.
  • What are sister chromatids?
    Identical chromatids joined at the centromere.
  • What is DNA replication?
    The process of making an identical copy of DNA.
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