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Policy
A plan of action or set of rules made by a person, company, or government.
Sumer
One of the world’s first civilizations, located in what is now southern Iraq. Region of Ancient Mesopotamia
Understanding these roles helps you
follow the logic and purpose of the text more clearly.
Cowrie Shells
Small sea shells that were once used as money in many parts of the world.
Tangible
Something you can touch or physically feel.
Example:
The school has a policy about wearing uniforms.
Example:
A book is tangible- an idea is not.
Bearer
A person who carries or holds something.
Example:
A stable bridge is safe to cross.
Example:
“There are two types of money: commodity and fiat.”
Example:
“The first universal credit card was the Diners Club card.”
Example:
The teacher praised her student’s good judgement in choosing a project.
Do you think contactless payments are safer or riskier than traditional methods?
👉 Why do you feel that way?
Defining:
→ This sentence gives a definition. It tells what something is.
Credit Card 💳
👉 A plastic card from a bank that lets you buy things now and pay for them later.
Example:
She used her credit card to buy a new jacket online.
This reading skill helps you figure out why a sentence is written — what its purpose or function is in the text.
Knowing this helps you understand how information is organized and how ideas connect.
Have you ever received change in coins that you didn’t like carrying?
👉 How did you handle the situation?
TOPIC
“Understanding the Function of Sentences.”
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Naming:
→ This sentence simply identifies or names something.
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Classifying:
→ This sentence divides things into groups or categories.
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Example:
Sumer had some of the earliest cities and writing systems.
Reporting:
→ This sentence shares information from a source or expert.
In your opinion, is it better to budget money with cash envelopes or by tracking card expenses?
👉 Why do you think that method works better?
Here are the
examples and their meanings:
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Example:
A red light can signify “stop” on the road.
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Example:
In ancient times, people paid with cowrie shells instead of coins.
Transactions
Exchanges where people buy, sell, or trade something.
Signify
To mean or show something.
Example:
“As economist Maynard Keynes said, ‘Ideas shape the course of history.’”
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Example:
The bearer of a ticket is the person who has it and can use it.
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Stable
Not likely to change or fall apart- steady and secure.
Underwrites
Promises to support or guarantee something, especially financially.
How do you usually pay for small items like snacks or drinks?
👉 Why do you prefer that method?
Can you remember a time when you couldn’t pay because you didn’t have the right payment method?
👉 How did you solve the problem?
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Do you think online shopping has changed the way people pay for things?
👉 How has it changed your habits, if at all?
Have you ever used a gift card or store voucher?
👉 How did you feel about using it?
Essentially
Basically or most importantly.
NEW
VOCABULARY
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Example:
“Today’s money has value because a government says that it does.”
Example:
“If you heat gold, it melts easily, making it ideal for creating coins.”
Example:
Loud noises can trigger a dog to bark.
Convenience
Something that makes life easier or quicker.
Payment
Money or something of value given in return for goods or services.
Example:
“Sumerian tokens were an early form of money.”
Condition:
→ This sentence shows a “if–then” situation, explaining what happens under certain conditions.
Quoting:
→ This sentence uses someone’s exact words to support a point.
When you travel, do you prefer to carry local cash or rely on cards?
👉 Why do you make that choice?
Example:
A bank underwrites (guarantees) a loan.
Example:
Buying a snack at a store is a transaction.
Example:
You make a payment when you buy a ticket.
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Trigger
To cause something to start or happen.
✅
In short:
How do advertisements or promotions influence your decision on how to pay?
👉 Can you give an example?
Example:
After eating at the restaurant, the waiter gave us the bill.
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If you could design a new way of paying for things in the future, what would it be like?
👉 How would it make life easier for people?
Commodify
To turn something into a product that can be bought or sold.
Each sentence in a paragraph serves a specific role —
to define, classify, quote, report, show cause/effect, state a condition, or name something.
Cause–Effect:
→ This sentence explains a reason or result (why something happens).
New
Vocabulary
Bill 💵
👉 A piece of paper that shows how much money you must pay for something (like at a restaurant or for electricity).
Judgement
The ability to make good decisions or opinions.
Example:
Turning art into items to sell is a way to commodify it.
Example:
“According to archeologists, the first money was Sumerian tokens.”
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Example:
Having a store nearby is a convenience.
Example:
The movie is essentially about friendship.