Natural selection of human babies of medium rather than low or high mass is an example of?
Directional selection
Sexual selection
Stabilising selection
Disruptive selection
Name the trio who won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discovery of DNA's structure.
Best, Law and Charlton
Watson, Crick and Wilkins
Diamond, Yauch and Horowitz
Rowland, Knowles and Williams
What is the name for the basic units which make up strands of DNA?
Sugars
Phosphates
Bases
Nucleotides
The study of evolutionary relatedness is known as what?
Bioinformatics
Pharmacogenetics
Phylogenetics
Speciation
What kind of bonds form between adjacent amino acids in protein synthesis at the ribosome?
Disulphide bridges
Hydrogen
Peptide
Strong chemical
Normal DNA - ATTTTTTACG. Mutated DNA - ATTTATTTACG. Which type of mutation has occurred?
Deletion
Insertion
Inversion
Substitution
The two strands of DNA are held together by which kind of bonds?
Strong chemical
Phosphate
Peptide
Hydrogen
When part of a chromosome becomes attached to another chromosome it is known as what?
Translocation
Deletion
Inversion
Duplication
Substitution, insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence is known as:
Translocation mutation
Single gene mutation
Chromosome structure mutation
Polyploidy
Which of the following is the correct order of evolution?
cells > prokaryotes > eukaryotes > animals > land plants
prokaryotes > cells > eukaryotes > animals > land plants
cells > prokaryotes > animals > eukaryotes > land plants
cells > prokaryotes > eukaryotes > land plants > animals
Which type of RNA carries a copy of the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome?
tRNA
zRNA
rRNA
mRNA
PCR is a technique used for what?
The amplification of DNA in livin la vida loca
The amplification of DNA in vivo
The amplification of DNA in vitro
The amplification of DNA in limbo
What kind of cells are found in animals and produce specialised cells of one or more types?
Stem cells
Haploid
Meristems
Differentiation cells
1000 DNA fragments are present at the start of a 5 min PCR cycle. How many after 20 min?
4000
16000
8000
32000
What parts are removed from the primary transcript when producing the mature RNA transcript?
Exons
Bases
Introns
Coding regions
Why can both strands of DNA not be replicated continuously?
DNA nucleotides can only be added in a 3’ to 5’ direction
There is not enough space for both strands to be copied
The DNA polymerase can only act on one strand at a time
DNA nucleotides can only be added in a 5’ to 3’ direction
Which type of chromosome structure mutation is important for evolution?
Translocation
Inversion
Deletion
Duplication
The genetic material in human mitochondria is arranged as:
Circular plasmids
Linear chromosomes
Circular chromosomes
Linear plasmids
Normal DNA - ATCCCCCTACC. Mutated DNA - ATCCACCTACC. Which type of mutation has occurred?
Deletion
Substitution
Insertion
Inversion
During PCR, which of the following occurs at the highest temperature?
Strands separated
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides
Ligase joins DNA fragments
Primers bind
Which of the following are required in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
RNA polymerase, template strand and primers
DNA polymerase, template strand and ligase
RNA polymerase, ligase and primers
DNA polymerase, template strand and primers
Which of these enzymes is required for DNA replication?
Restriction endonuclease
Ligase
Dehydrogenase
Amylase
Which of the following is a potential downside to stem cell research?
They can be used to repair damaged or diseased organs
They can be used as model cells
They can be used to investigate how cells become specialised
There are ethical issues surrounding their use
What are the DNA base pairing rules?
Adenine to Uracil, Cytosine to Guanine
Adenine to Cytosine, Thymine to Guanine
Adenine to Thymine, Cytosine to Guanine
Adenine to Guanine, Cytosine to Thymine
What stage of protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus?
Formation of the final 3D protein shape
Translation
Transcription
Cutting and combining