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Globalization and the global spread of English
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A Brazilian pop song mixes English and Portuguese: “Meu love, vem comigo.”
Sociolinguistics of Globalization: Hybrid, translingual use of English creolization in culture.
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A teacher lets students compare South African, Indian, and American English accents.
World Englishes: Exposure to global English varieties and cultural diversity.
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An English learner in Brazil uses local expressions in English emails (“I’m sending a hug!”).
World Englishes: Local identity reflected in language use — nativization.
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An American textbook dominates English classrooms worldwide, with few local adaptations.
Linguistic Imperialism: Global dominance of English materials from the center.
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Students in Korea use memes and slang in English taken from social media communities
Sociolinguistics of Globalization: Digital flows of English —new meanings across online spaces.
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A student in Brazil says “I’m going to take a coffee” influenced by Portuguese.
World Englishes: Local adaptation and nativization of English.
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A teacher insists that only “British English” pronunciation is acceptable in class.
Linguistic Imperialism: Dominance of native-speaker norms and linguistic hierarchy.
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You’re in an international online game. Players from Japan, Brazil, and Egypt communicate in English to coordinate their moves.
ELF: English used for communication among non-native speakers.
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A company in India uses English to communicate with suppliers in China and Germany.
ELF: ELF as a global lingua franca for business.
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In a multinational meeting, speakers mix English with words from their first languages to make meaning clear.
ELF: Multilingua, flexible communication for understanding.
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