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Globalization and the global spread of English

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  • A Brazilian pop song mixes English and Portuguese: “Meu love, vem comigo.”
    Sociolinguistics of Globalization: Hybrid, translingual use of English creolization in culture.
  • A teacher lets students compare South African, Indian, and American English accents.
    World Englishes: Exposure to global English varieties and cultural diversity.
  • An English learner in Brazil uses local expressions in English emails (“I’m sending a hug!”).
    World Englishes: Local identity reflected in language use — nativization.
  • An American textbook dominates English classrooms worldwide, with few local adaptations.
    Linguistic Imperialism: Global dominance of English materials from the center.
  • Students in Korea use memes and slang in English taken from social media communities
    Sociolinguistics of Globalization: Digital flows of English —new meanings across online spaces.
  • A student in Brazil says “I’m going to take a coffee” influenced by Portuguese.
    World Englishes: Local adaptation and nativization of English.
  • A teacher insists that only “British English” pronunciation is acceptable in class.
    Linguistic Imperialism: Dominance of native-speaker norms and linguistic hierarchy.
  • You’re in an international online game. Players from Japan, Brazil, and Egypt communicate in English to coordinate their moves.
    ELF: English used for communication among non-native speakers.
  • A company in India uses English to communicate with suppliers in China and Germany.
    ELF: ELF as a global lingua franca for business.
  • In a multinational meeting, speakers mix English with words from their first languages to make meaning clear.
    ELF: Multilingua, flexible communication for understanding.