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Chp 11 review USH

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  • What was the key difference between government-funded and privately built infrastructure projects?
    Government projects are funded by taxes and may lack custom and private businesses rely on customer service and must invest wisely.
  • Name three important inventors of the early nineteenth century and their inventions.
    Eli Whitney (cotton gin and interchangeable parts), Elias Howe (sewing machine), Samuel Colt (revolver).
  • What role did Samuel Slater play in American manufacturing?
    He built the first English-style textile mill in America, helping start the textile industry.
  • What were two important trends in American education during the early 1800s?
    The growth of public education and teacher education.
  • What central belief did romanticism and Emerson promote?
    The goodness of man and the glory of nature.
  • What was the main purpose of the Underground Railroad?
    To hide and help escaping slaves reach freedom in the North.
  • What was Nathaniel Hawthorne’s critique in The Scarlet Letter?
    He criticized the narrow and hypocritical views of Puritanism.
  • How did American slavery differ from biblical slavery?
    American slavery was race-based, lifelong, and brutal, unlike the regulated biblical slavery system.
  • What was Charles Finney’s controversial claim about sinners?
    That sinners could change their own hearts without God’s grace.
  • What skills were some slave owners afraid to teach slaves?
    Reading and writing.
  • What was the fastest sailing ship built in the mid-1800s?
    The clipper ship.
  • Why was the discovery of anthracite coal in western Pennsylvania important?
    Anthracite coal burns hotter and cleaner than soft coal, allowing better iron production and making western Pennsylvania a center of heavy industry.
  • What system did Francis Asbury develop to address minister shortages?
    Circuit riding.
  • What agricultural advances were made by John Deere and Cyrus McCormick?
    John Deere perfected the steel-edged plow and Cyrus McCormick patented the horse-drawn reaping machine.
  • What was America’s first major industry and where was it centered?
    Textiles; New England
  • Who perfected the steam-powered ship that revolutionized river traffic?
    Robert Fulton.
  • What argument did some Southerners use to defend slavery?
    They believed slavery promoted virtue, exposed Africans to Christianity, and was regulated by God.
  • What was the goal of utopian reformers?
    To establish small, perfect communities as models for society reform.
  • What was the impact of the Prayer Meeting Revival?
    Nearly a million conversions, support for missions and schools, and preparation for the Civil War.
  • What was the significance of the Erie Canal?
    It connected Albany to Lake Erie, paid for itself in tolls, and enabled water travel from New York City to New Orleans.
  • Who was William McGuffey and why was he important?
    He created reading books that taught grammar and biblical values to generations of Americans.
  • Name three prominent American painters of the Federalist era.
    Benjamin West, Gilbert Stuart, John Trumbull.
  • Who was the most important abolitionist leader?
    William Lloyd Garrison.
  • Who were some key figures in transcendentalism?
    Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.
  • Who invented the telegraph and what was its impact?
    Samuel F. B. Morse and it allowed messages to be sent quickly across the United States and eventually across the Atlantic.
  • How did revivalism reflect American values of liberty and equality?
    Liberty through religious freedom and equality by allowing anyone to preach regardless of formal education.
  • What American landscape painting school specialized in capturing nature's beauty?
    The Hudson River School.
  • Why did towns grow up around factories in western Pennsylvania?
    Because of the discovery of coal and iron ore, which fueled heavy industry.
  • What were four results of the Second Great Awakening?
    Thousands converted, missions movement grew, moral reforms increased, and new evangelism methods emerged.
  • What was significant about the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848?
    It marked the beginning of the modern women’s rights movement.
  • Who was James Fenimore Cooper?
    The first American novelist to gain fame outside the U.S.
  • What is the difference between temperance and prohibition?
    Temperance is moderate drinking and prohibition is the banning of alcohol sales and consumption.
  • What was the first economically successful railroad in America?
    The Baltimore & Ohio (B & O) Railroad.
  • Who was Dorothea Dix and what did she reform?
    A reformer who improved conditions and treatment of inmates in asylums.
  • Name two former slaves who became abolitionists.
    Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass.
  • How did interchangeable parts, developed by Eli Whitney, impact manufacturing?
    They allowed standardized, identical machine-made parts, making production and repair faster and cheaper.
  • Name four unorthodox religious movements of this era.
    Unitarianism, Millerites, Shakers, Mormons, Christian Science.
  • What was the most important early American road?
    The National Road (Cumberland Road).
  • How did the cotton gin increase differences between the South and the rest of the nation?
    The cotton gin made cotton growing profitable, revitalizing slavery in the South while the North and West developed industry and transportation.
  • Who founded Mormonism and what controversial practice did they adopt?
    Joseph Smith and polygamy.
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