MDEL

Poems: Qasida, Ginan, Ghazal, Maddoh

Hidden meaning behind a story. e.g, the conference of the birds, by the Persian poet Attar

Both

is the body of stories, poems, songs, and traditions passed down by word of mouth

Figurative comparison: e.g, Imam Ali is a Lion of Allah: bravery, courage & fearlessness.

Similarity between two things using the words LIKE or AS, e.g, the Sultan's palace looks like a mountain.

Text: Stories, Fables, Legends

Praise of rulers in the courts, but also praise of the prophets, Imams, e.g. Maddoh in Tajikistan, Ginan in South Asia.

Poem of grief, not only personal sorrow, but sorrow of the community, e.g. tragedies as Karbala

are techniques that writers use to add depth, meaning, and artistry to their writing

Window Approach & Mirror Approach

They help make a text more engaging, memorable, and impactful for readers

Society/Community

Love between two people, love between Imam and Murid, the Prophet and the believer

Fables, anecdotes, legends, stories

is an art of using words. It takes many forms...

Individual/Personal

Example stories – The Qur’an often conveys moral and spiritual lessons through short stories or examples, making abstract truths easier to understand.

Sign pointing beyond itself, e.g. Light symbolising God's guidance & presence

The Qur'án