MDEL

is the body of stories, poems, songs, and traditions passed down by word of mouth

Poems: Qasida, Ginan, Ghazal, Maddoh

Example stories – The Qur’an often conveys moral and spiritual lessons through short stories or examples, making abstract truths easier to understand.

The Qur'án

Similarity between two things using the words LIKE or AS, e.g, the Sultan's palace looks like a mountain.

They help make a text more engaging, memorable, and impactful for readers

Society/Community

Hidden meaning behind a story. e.g, the conference of the birds, by the Persian poet Attar

Poem of grief, not only personal sorrow, but sorrow of the community, e.g. tragedies as Karbala

Fables, anecdotes, legends, stories

are techniques that writers use to add depth, meaning, and artistry to their writing

Praise of rulers in the courts, but also praise of the prophets, Imams, e.g. Maddoh in Tajikistan, Ginan in South Asia.

Figurative comparison: e.g, Imam Ali is a Lion of Allah: bravery, courage & fearlessness.

Love between two people, love between Imam and Murid, the Prophet and the believer

Both

Window Approach & Mirror Approach

Text: Stories, Fables, Legends

Sign pointing beyond itself, e.g. Light symbolising God's guidance & presence

is an art of using words. It takes many forms...

Individual/Personal