A big change in a country, usually when people fight to change their government or way of life.
Revolution
A Christian religion started by John Calvin in the 1500s. It teaches that God already decides who will be saved, and that people should live very simple.
Calvinism
A very rich and powerful person who is part of a small group that controls a country or business.
Oligarch
When people refuse to buy, use, or take part in something as a protest, to make change.
Boycott
The process of more and more people moving from the countryside to cities, making the cities grow.
Urbanization
A type of government led by a king or queen, where the position is usually passed down through a family.
Monarchy
A system of government where one ruler, like a king or queen, has all the power and does not share it with others.
Absolutism
A Muslim ruler, especially in the past, who had both political and religious power in their land.
Sultan
When an army surrounds a city, castle, or fort and cuts off supplies, trying to force the people inside to surrender.
Siege
A very large fleet of warships. The most famous was the Spanish one.
Armada
A time in Europe (about 1300–1600) when art, science, and learning became very important again after the Middle Ages. The word means “rebirth.”
Renaissance
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