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Mishnayos Sanhedrin

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  • Why does R’ Yehuda say that 5 hours and 7 hours cannot be confused?
    Because at 5 hours the sun is in the east and at 7 it’s in the west
  • Once the student is moved up to sit with the judges, how long does he stay there?
    The entire day.
  • If one says the event was at 2 hours and the other says 3 hours, is the testimony valid? Why?
    Yes, because people can easily make a small error in estimating the hour.
  • If a student says, “I can teach a reason to make him guilty,” what do the judges do?
    They silence him because students cannot argue for guilt.
  • What must be true for the court to listen to the student’s reasoning?
    His reason must have substance.
  • What is the rule if one says 3 hours and the other says 5 hours according to the Chachomim?
    Their testimony is invalid because the gap is too big.
  • What does R’ Yehuda say about testimony where one says 3 hours and the other says 5 hours?
    He says it’s still valid
  • What must be true about the two witnesses’ statements for the court to deliberate?
    Their statements must match in the important details.
  • If one witness says the event happened on the 2nd of the month and the other says the 3rd, is that a contradiction? Why or why not?
    No, because the difference can be explained by whether or not they knew that the previous month had an extra day.
  • What happens after the court finishes examining the first witness?
    They bring in the second witness and examine him.
  • How can a difference in the date be explained in this case?
    One witness counted based on a month with 29 days, the other counted based on a month with 30 days.
  • If a student says, “I can teach a reason to acquit him,” what happens to him?
    They raise him to sit with the judges.
  • If a witness says, “I can teach a reason to acquit him,” what do the judges do?
    They silence him because witnesses cannot give arguments.
  • How does the sun’s position help explain the difference between 5 hours and 7 hours?
    The change is obvious to everyone, so such a mistake would be impossible.
  • According to R’ Yehuda, why would 3 hours and 5 hours still be acceptable?
    Because a person could make that large of a mistake in judging time.
  • If one says the 3rd of the month and one says the 5th, is the testimony valid? Why?
    No, because the difference is too large to be a simple mistake.
  • When the court begins deliberations, what do they first invite people to do?
    They ask if anyone can give a reason to acquit the accused.
  • Why is a witness or a student not allowed to give a reason to make the accused guilty?
    Because only judges can present reasons for guilt in a capital case.
  • What does R’ Yehuda say about a difference between 5 hours and 7 hours?
    It’s invalid.
  • If the accused himself says, “I can teach a reason to acquit me,” will the court listen? Under what condition?
    Yes, if what he says has substance.
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