Amino acids link up to form _________.
Proteins
What is the process called from DNA --> mRNA?
Transcription
Adenine matches with _____________ in RNA.
Uracil
What does homozygous mean?
Same 2 alleles
What are the three parts of a nucleotide? (Hint: Think of the parts of an ATP molecule)
Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
Sex-Linked Traits are on which sex chromsome?
X chromosome
What are different forms or versions of genes called?
Alleles
Red is codominant to white. A red plant and a white plant have offspring, what are the possible phenotypes of their children?
Red and white
If I were to REPLICATE this piece of DNA, what would be the other strand? ATG
TAC
What does heterozygous mean?
Different 2 alleles
How is COMPLETE dominance different from CODOMINANCE?
Codominance: Traits have equal strength, so both phenotypes show up for the heterozygote
Translate this codon into a amino acid AUG
Methionine
What are the sex chromosomes for males?
XY
Mother is carrier for color-blindness, father is colorblind. What percentage of their children are colorblind?
50%
Red is incompletely dominant to white. A red plant and a white plant have offspring, what are the possible phenotypes of their children?
Pink
What kind of substitution mutation has one amino acid change for coding an amino acid?
Missense
How is COMPLETE dominance different from INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE??
Codominance: Dominant trait cannot completely overpower recessive, so the phenotype of the heterozygote is mixed.
Name TWO differences between RNA and DNA.
1. Double helix (DNA), Single Helix (RNA) 2. Sugar in RNA is Ribose, Sugar in DNA is Deoxyribose 3. RNA has Uracil
What is a genotype?
The combination of alleles (The letters, Ex: If tall is dominant to short, TT is the genotype for a homozygous dominant organism)
What is phenotype?
The physical trait you observe?
What is the process called from mRNA --> Amino Acids?
Translation
What are the sex chromosomes for females?
XX
Where are proteins made?
Ribosomes
Describe what crossing over is.
Sections of homologous chromosomes are switched during Prophase I (Meiosis)
Cytosine always matches with __________.
Guanine
If a female only has one X chromsome that has a sex-linked trait, we call these females _______.
Carriers
When you are using a codon chart what codon do you use? DNA, mRNA, tRNA
mRNA
What is DNA?
Genetic instructions for life
Why does the cell transcribe DNA to mRNA to make proteins?
DNA can't leave the nucleus, so the cell needs to make a copy to send the genetic information to ribosomes that are OUTSIDE of the nucleus.
When transcription, a copy of DNA is called _____.
mRNA
What kind of substitution mutation has an EARLY STOP for coding an amino acid?
Nonsense
Name one type of frameshift mutation.
Insertion or Deletion
What are sections of DNA?
Genes
If curly is dominant to straight hair and a homozygous recessive parent mates with a heterozygous parent, how many children have curly hair?
2
Adenine matches with ___________ in DNA.
Thymine
What are chromsomes?
Condensed forms of DNA
DNA replication happens in the __________.
nucleus
The structure of DNA is described as a _________ _______.
Double helix
If curly is dominant to straight hair and a homozygous recessive parent mates with a heterozygous parent, what percentage of their children are homozygous dominant??
0%
If I were to transcribe this piece of DNA, what would the mRNA codon be? TAC
AUG
What kind of substitution mutation has no change for coding an amino acid?
Silent Mutation