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Biology Midterm Exam Vocabulary and Concepts

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  • Omnivore
    Eats both plants and animals.
  • Large Intestine
    Absorbs water and forms waste.
  • Central Vacuole
    A large storage organelle in plant cells.
  • Evolution
    The process by which populations of organisms change over time.
  • Abiotic
    Non-living components of an ecosystem.
  • Active Transport
    Movement of molecules against a gradient, requiring energy.
  • Muscular System
    Enables movement and maintains posture. Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
  • Organ
    A collection of tissues working together to perform a specific task.
  • Positive Feedback
    A mechanism that amplifies a response (e.g., childbirth contractions).
  • Community
    Different populations of species living and interacting in the same area.
  • Small Intestine
    Absorbs nutrients from digested food.
  • Digestive System
    Breaks down food into nutrients and removes waste. Includes the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
  • Tissue
    A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
  • Ecosystem
    A community of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a system.
  • Photosynthesis
    Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (glucose) by plants.
  • Hypertonic
    A solution with a higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing water loss.
  • Organization
    The structured arrangement of cells and systems in an organism.
  • Exponential Growth
    Rapid population increase under ideal conditions.
  • Predation
    Interaction where one organism preys on another.
  • Glucose
    A simple sugar and energy source.
  • Herbivore
    Eats plants.
  • Animal
    Eukaryotic cells without a cell wall or chloroplasts.
  • Consumers
    Organisms that consume other organisms for energy.
  • DNA
    The molecule that carries genetic information.
  • Cell
    The basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
  • Limiting Factors
    Factors that restrict population growth (e.g., food, water, space).
  • Decomposer
    Breaks down dead organisms.
  • Commensalism
    A relationship where one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected.
  • Cell Membrane
    A semi-permeable barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell.
  • Logistic Growth
    Population growth that slows and stabilizes at carrying capacity.
  • Mutualism
    A relationship where both organisms benefit.
  • Stomach
    Digests food chemically and mechanically.
  • Hypotonic
    A solution with a lower solute concentration outside the cell, causing water gain.
  • Liver
    Processes nutrients, detoxifies, and produces bile.
  • Nervous System
    Controls body functions and responses. Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
  • Mitochondria
    The powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP through cellular respiration.
  • Plant
    Eukaryotic cells with a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.
  • Reproduction
    The biological process by which new individual organisms are produced.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
    A network for protein and lipid synthesis (smooth and rough types).
  • Organism
    An individual living entity capable of growth, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis.
  • Population
    A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area.
  • Golgi Apparatus
    Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.
  • Response to Stimuli
    The ability of organisms to detect and respond to changes in their environment.
  • Negative Feedback
    A mechanism that reduces a deviation to maintain equilibrium (e.g., temperature regulation).
  • Isotonic
    Equal solute concentrations inside and outside the cell.
  • Erosion
    The process of soil and rock being removed by natural forces.
  • Growth & Development
    Increase in size and changes that occur over an organism's life span.
  • Cardiovascular/Circulatory System
    Transports blood, nutrients, oxygen, and waste. Includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
  • Osmosis
    Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
  • Cellular Respiration
    Process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP.
  • Homeostasis
    The regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain stable conditions.
  • Meiosis
    Cell division producing gametes with half the chromosome number.
  • Keystone Species
    A species with a critical role in maintaining ecosystem structure.
  • Chloroplast
    Performs photosynthesis in plant cells.
  • Ribosome
    Synthesizes proteins.
  • Mitosis (PMAT)
    Process of cell division for growth and repair (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase).
  • Organ System
    A group of organs that work together to perform vital body functions.
  • Biomagnification
    Increase in toxin concentration up the food chain.
  • Heart
    Pumps blood throughout the circulatory system.
  • Biotic
    Living components of an ecosystem.
  • Integumentary System
    Protects the body. Includes skin, hair, and nails.
  • Cell Wall
    A rigid structure in plant cells providing support and protection.
  • ATP
    Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in cells.
  • Prokaryotic
    Cells without a nucleus, such as bacteria.
  • Competition
    Organisms competing for limited resources.
  • Lungs
    Primary organ for oxygen exchange in the respiratory system.
  • Carnivore
    Eats animals.
  • Respiratory System
    Facilitates gas exchange, supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. Includes the lungs and airways.
  • Eukaryotic
    Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., animal and plant cells).
  • Metabolism (Energy)
    All chemical reactions in an organism that allow it to grow, reproduce, and maintain structure.
  • Diffusion
    Passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
  • Biosphere
    The global ecological system that includes all living beings and their relationships with the environment.
  • Producers
    Organisms that make their own food (e.g., plants).
  • Nucleus
    Control center of a eukaryotic cell containing DNA.
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