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Biology Final Review

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  • How is meiosis 1 different from meiosis 2?
    Interphase occurs before meiosis 1, but does not occur before meiosis 2.
  • List the three domains in our current classification system.
    Eukarya, Archea, Bacteria
  • Compared to complete dominance, how do co-dominant alleles affect the phenotypes of organisms?
    They increase the number of different phenotypes that are possible.
  • How are cancer cells different from normal cells?
    Cancer cells have lost their ability to control their rate of growth and cell division.
  • Why is do cells divide before they become too large?
    Large cells place more demands on DNA, the cell has trouble moving enough material in and out of the cell membrane
  • Define ecology.
    branch of biology that deals with the interactions among organisms and their environments
  • What is a vestigial structure?
    A structure or body part that once had a purpose, but is not currently used by a species
  • What is a well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world?
    Theory
  • Describe nondisjunction and when it occurs.
    Chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase 1 or 2 of meiosis.
  • Explain what a cladogram is and how organisms are organized onto it.
    A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among organisms; they're plotted as branches based on derived characteristics that are shared
  • How many and what type of cells result from meiosis?
    4 genetcially different cells
  • What is the result of mitosis?
    Two genetically identical cells result from mitosis.
  • If we start with 100 atoms of a radioactive substance, how much will remain after 3 half lives?
    100 atoms--> 50 atoms --> 25 atoms --> 12.5 atoms remain
  • Define behavior.
    The way an organism reacts to stimuli in its environment.
  • What is the probability that 2 heterozygous parents will have a homozygous offspring?
    50%
  • List three things required for evolution to occur.
    Variation in the population, Genetic mutations/adaptations, Competition in the population
  • The two part scientific name for an organism is based on which taxa for classification?
    Genus species
  • How many sets of chromosomes does a gamete have?
    one set (23 total chromosomes)
  • What is the meaning of the term "diploid"?
    A cell with two sets of chromosomes--one from each parent.
  • Why are fossil fuels nonrenewable?
    They form over millions of years.
  • What happens during each of the following phases of interphase: G1, S, and G2?
    G1- cell growth S- DNA synthesis G2- prepare for mitosis
  • What aspect of Lamarck's ideas about evolution was incorrect?
    He believed that acquired characteristics could be passed on from parent to offspring.
  • Describe the greenhouse effect.
    This is when gases in the atmosphere build up and act as a blanket to the earth, preventing heat from escaping into outer space.
  • When does crossing over occur?
    Prophase 1 of Meiosis
  • What happens during metaphase of mitosis?
    The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
  • What does the term genotype mean?
    The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by letters.
  • What is incomplete dominance?
    When one allele is not completely dominant over another, so that the resulting phenotype is a blend.
  • Give an example of a heterozygous genotype.
    Xx
  • Give an example of a homogenous genotype.
    XX or xx
  • How many chromosomes do normal human somatic cells have?
    46
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