energy pyramid, biomass pyramid, and pyramid of numbers
an example of a mutualistic relationship between organisms
bacteria and the roots of legumes
In what ways is carbon dioxide is removed from the air?
by photosynthesis and dissolved in the oceans
By what principal means is oxygen restored to the air?
by photosynthesis
an organism's role in its ecosystem, including its habitat, physical requirements, the time of day it is active, its place on the food chain, and when and how it reproduces
niche
What kind of ecological pyramid is used to represent the actual dry mass of all the organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem?
biomass pyramid
What kind of ecological pyramid is based on the number of individual organisms in each trophic level in an ecosystem?
pyramid of numbers
an organism that eats secondary consumers
tertiary consumer
a group of interbreeding organisms coexisting together
population
What kind of ecological pyramid is used to show only about 10% of the energy available in one trophic level?
energy pyramid
Name the main types of aquatic biomes.
marine ocean, marine coral reefs, marine estuaries, freshwater lakes and ponds, freshwater rivers and streams, and wetlands
the maximum number of organisms of a particular species that can be supported by an environment
carrying capacity
a close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits
symbiosis
How does nitrogen get back into the atmosphere?
through the process of denitrification
an organism that eats tertiary consumers
quaternary consumer
From smallest to largest, list the subgroups of ecology.
population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere
organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms
decomposers
Where is the element, phosphorus, found?
found in rocks
What term is used to describe what happens when two populations of different species compete for the same food source or their niches overlap?
competitive exclusion
a measure of the total dry mass of organisms (living tissue) within a trophic level in an ecosystem
biomass
the sum of all Earth's ecosystems in land, water, or air
biosphere
a symbiotic relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association
mutualism
organisms that produce their own food
producers
rate at which producers in an ecosystem build biomass
primary productivity
Besides respiration, what other ways is oxygen removed from the air?
fire, ozone formation, rusting of metals and minerals
population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population
exponential growth
a symbiotic relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and other is neither harmed nor benefited
commensalism
a group of populations living and interacting in the same area
community
the study of the interactions between living and nonliving things
ecology
What three factors is the growth rate of a population dependent upon?
number of births, number of deaths, and the number of immigrants and emigrants
Besides photosynthesis, what are some other ways oxygen is replenished in the air?
ozone destruction and water vapor destruction
an organism that eats primary consumers
secondary consumer
Name the main types of terrestrial biomes.
tropical rainforest, chaparral, savanna, desert, temperate grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tundra, and taiga or boreal forest
Natural disturbances, pollution, and the use of pesticides or herbicides are examples of what kind of limiting factor?
density-independent
one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are rerproductively isolated from other such populations
species
an association of living organisms and their physical environment
ecosystem
a symbiotic relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
parasitism
a group of ecosystems classified by climate and plant life
biome
an example of a parasitic relationship between organisms
ticks or fleas on a pet dog or cat
links all food chains in an ecosystem together
food web
a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
food chain
By what principal means is oxygen taken from the air?
the process by which certain gases (principally water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane) trap heat that would otherwise escape the earth and radiate into space
greenhouse effect
the specific environment of an organism both biotic and abiotic; the species' "home address"
habitat
What type of organisms perform nitrogen fixation?
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Besides balancing the water in an ecosystem, what does the water cycle accomplish?
water transports nutrients within an ecosystem and even to other ecosystems
an example of a commensalistic relationship between orgranisms
barnacles on a humpback whale
What element is found in many chemicals like RNA, DNA, and proteins?
nitrogen
evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
transpiration
What type of organisms perform denitrification, the process of nitrogen replenished in the atmosphere?
denitrifying bacteria
the range or area occupied by a population
geographic distribution
the nonliving physical and chemical conditions affecting organisms
abiotic factors
the process by which nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is converted into nitrogen-containing molecules
nitrogen fixation
pyramid-shaped diagrams that show the amount of energy or matter at each trophic level in an ecosystem
ecological pyramid
population growth that is controlled by limiting resources or the presence of predators or both
logistic growth
Fires or volcanic eruptions (natural disturbances) are examples of what kind of disturbance within a community?
primary succession
any living part of an environment
biotic factors
Predation, competition, parasitism, and disease are examples of what kind of limiting factor?
density-dependent
How is the element, phosphorus, released?
through erosion and weathering
In what ways is carbon dioxide replenished in the air?
volcanoes, combustion, cellular respiration, decomposition of organic material
organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food
consumers
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