Laws passed during the presidency of John Adams, violated the First Amendment of the Constitution, gave the president the power to deport immigrants
Alien and Sedition Acts
Supreme Court Case: The Cherokee Nation is sovereign, state laws cannot remove them from their land; President Jackson ignored the ruling
Worcester v. Georgia
Promised to fulfill the goals of Manifest Destiny, annexed Texas, acquired the Oregon Territory, and acquired the Mexican Cession after the U.S.-Mexican War
President James K. Polk
The Constitution already contains a few rights, so we may as well add a whole Bill of Rights. Federalist or Anti-Federalist?
Anti-Federalist
The 5 major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation (must name each one)
No President, No Army, No Court System, No Common Currency, No Taxes (power to tax)
Prohibited European countries from colonizing the Western Hemisphere (the Americas)
Monroe Doctrine
To kidnap sailors and force to join the British navy
impressment
Geography: rocky soil, mountains, dense forests, swift rivers, natural harbors
New England
Anti-immigrant sentiment, due to the fear that immigrants (like Irish immigrants) stole American jobs
nativism
Year that the Declaration of Independence was adopted
1776
Economic system in which Britain controlled all trade and the colonies could not manufacture goods or make profit
Mercantilism
The Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional. Which branch is checking which branch?
Judicial Branch checks the Legislative Branch.
1863: Confederacy lost control of the Mississippi River; split the Confederacy in half
Battle of Vicksburg
A house of Congress: two senators from each state, equal representation for all states
U.S. Senate
This country settled the Atlantic coast of North America; founded for commercial profit and natural resources; colonies founded by religious groups seeking religious freedom
England/Britain
Supreme Court case: Slaves are property, not citizens; Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery in territories; the Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court responsible for the decisions of Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, and Worcester v. Georgia
John Marshall
This document provided voting rights to males who were not church members; first written constitution in the colonies
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
President of the United States during the Civil War
Abraham Lincoln
A transcendentalist who believed that people are born with an inner sense that enables them to recognize moral truths; a strong believer of civil disobedience
Henry David Thoreau
This reform movement, led by Horace Mann, promoted the idea that public education should be free for all children
Education Reform/Common-School movement
British policy to ignore the colonies as long as they remained loyal to the king and Parliament
salutary neglect
Fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups, in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act
"Bleeding Kansas"
Event that challenged the domestic authority of the federal government (angry farmers from Pennsylvania)
Whiskey Rebellion
Region of the United States: plantation system, cotton cultivation, slave labor, cotton gin, supplied raw materials to the North
South/Southeast
The reason Andrew Jackson won the election of 1828
Increased voter participation (more men could vote)
General of the Union Army
Ulysses S. Grant
Confederate sympathizer who assassinated President Lincoln
John Wilkes Booth
Economy: plantations with slave labor, cash crops such as tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton
Settlement founded by the Pilgrims in 1620 when they tried to escape religious persecution
Plymouth, Massachusetts
Immigrant group: settled in the Midwest, escaped political unrest and poverty, established small farms due to fertile soil
Swedish immigrants
Signed in 1215, this document limited the powers of the king and provided certain protections for the people, including trial by jury
Magna Carta
Law passed in 1854 that allowed the people in the territory to vote for or against slavery; led to fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Naval war hero of the Revolutionary War; awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 1787
John Paul Jones
Territory acquired through British colonization (1607)
Jamestown/13 Colonies
Region of the United States: mining for gold and other precious metals, Transcontinental Railroad, Chinese immigrants
West
British policy that forced colonists to house troops on their private property, and gave the British army permission to enforce the taxes on the colonies
Quartering Act
Turning point of the Revolutionary War; France would support the Patriot cause and join the colonies as an ally against Britain (1777)
Battle of Saratoga
Amendment that addressed the grievance of quartering troops in private homes
Third Amendment
California, Florida, and Texas were former colonies of this country.
Spain
Leaders of the Anti-Federalists
Patrick Henry, George Mason
Bill of rights are not only unnecessary in the proposed Constitution, but would even be dangerous. Federalist or Anti-Federalist?
Federalist
Religious group that settled in Massachusetts after the Pilgrims; strict followers of the Bible, did not tolerate different views of religion
Puritans
Principle of the Constitution: Citizens and elected officials are bound by the Constitution: they must obey the laws.
Limited Government
First battle of the Civil War, initiated by the Confederacy
Fort Sumter
The proposed constitution lacks a bill of rights. Federalist or Anti-Federalist?
Anti-Federalist
Religious group that escaped persecution in the 1830s and settled in Salt Lake City, Utah
Mormons
Region of the United States: factories, manufacturing centers, supplied manufactured goods, Erie Canal, Irish immigrants
North/Northeast
Amendment that addressed the grievance of colonists being deprived their right to trial by jury
Sixth/Seventh Amendment
King George III prohibited colonists to move west across the Appalachian Mountains; colonists were upset about the limits imposed on westward expansion
Proclamation Line of 1763
To overturn a federal law (supported by John C. Calhoun)
nullify/nullification
1865: presidential speech; President Lincoln asked for a peaceful readmittance of the southern states once the war was over; he was compassionate towards the South
Second Inaugural Address
Responsible for purchasing the Louisiana Territory, passed the Embargo Act which led to a decline in the economy
President Thomas Jefferson
Climate: cold, long winters, short growing season
New England
Appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army by the Second Continental Congress
George Washington
Founder of Connecticut; author of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Thomas Hooker
Territory acquired through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, included California
Mexican Cession (1848)
1861: Union defeat after Confederate forces led by General "Stonewall" Jackson successfully defended the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia
Battle of Bull Run
The 3 G's
Gold, God, Glory
Climate: long growing season, dry, hot weather
Southern Colonies
1774, 55 delegates convened in Philadelphia to discuss a unified resistance against the Intolerable Acts
First Continental Congress
(1786-1787) Event involving farmers rebelling against property taxes; led to the need to restructure the federal government
Shays' Rebellion
The Continental Army endured a harsh winter, but remained loyal to the Patriot cause and General Washington (1777-1778)
Winter at Valley Forge
This immigrant group moved and settled in California; they were attracted by the gold rush and the economic boom in California
Chinese immigrants
Rights not listed in the Constitution belong to the states (Federalism)
10th Amendment
Military plan meant to "choke out" the South's supply lines, using naval blockades and destroying railway lines
"Anaconda Plan"
The president nominates judges. Which branch is checking which branch?
Executive Branch checks the Judicial Branch.
Territory acquired after negotiations with Great Britain
Oregon Territory (1846)
Warned the citizens of Massachusetts that "The Redcoats are coming!"
Paul Revere
General of the Confederate Army
Robert E. Lee
Compromise: Missouri was admitted as a slave state; Maine was admitted as a free state; slavery was banned from the rest of the Louisiana territory, north of Missouri's southern border
Missouri Compromise
Rights not listed in the Constitution belong to the people (Popular Sovereignty)
9th Amendment
1862: Bloodiest one-day battle of the Civil War; allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation
Battle of Antietam
Leaders of the Federalists
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison
1864: General William T. Sherman burned down and destroyed the city of Atlanta, Georgia, committing to total war in the path of his army
Sherman's March to the Sea
1863: turning point of the Civil War, ending with Robert E. Lee retreating to the South; one of the last battles fought in Union territory
Battle of Gettysburg
Principle of the Constitution: The power of the federal government is separated into three branches
Separation of Powers
Territory acquired after purchasing from Mexico, needed for the construction of the southern transcontinental railroad
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Invention that led to the profitability and expansion of slavery
cotton gin
An agreement made between the North and South that would count the slave population as three-fifths of the free population; increased southern influence
Three-Fifths Compromise
Principle of the Constitution: Powers are shared between the federal government and the state governments.
Federalism
Southern economic system that placed African Americans in a cycle of debt owed to landlords
sharecropping system
British impressment was the major cause of this war
War of 1812
Leader of the Sons of Liberty
Samuel Adams
Conflict between Britain and France over the Ohio River Valley and the fur trade
French and Indian War
No unreasonable searches and seizures
4th Amendment
The president can veto bills passed by Congress. Which branch is checking which branch?
Executive Branch checks the Legislative Branch.
Elected by the House of Representatives in 1824, Jackson supporters claimed a "corrupt bargain"
President John Quincy Adams
This transportation innovation allowed for a more efficient way to transport people and goods, reducing the price of transporting of goods and the price of fares
the steamboat
No cruel and unusual punishment; no excessive bail
8th Amendment
1861: presidential speech; President Lincoln promised to preserve the Union at any cost; denounced the secession of the southern states
First Inaugural Address
Institution established to provide education, legal assistance, and support to African Americans
Freedmen's Bureau
This movement was focused on stopping or reducing alcohol consumption; mainly led by women; expanded the participation of women in other social reform movements
Temperance Movement
No quartering of soldiers in private homes during peacetime
3rd Amendment
Founder of Rhode Island; left Massachusetts along with Thomas Hooker after disagreeing with the church doctrine of the Puritans
Roger Williams
Supreme Court Case: The national bank is constitutional, states cannot tax federal institutions
McCulloch v. Maryland
This innovation enabled the instantaneous long-distance transmission of information
telegraph
Immigrant group: settled in the West, escaped poverty, created distinct communities in California, helped build the Transcontinental Railroad
Chinese immigrants
Principle of the Constitution: The people have the ultimate authority (power) in government and express it by voting.
Popular Sovereignty
Interprets the laws (Supreme Court, federal courts)
Judicial Branch
A plan suggested by the small states: equal representation for all, just like the Articles of Confederation
New Jersey Plan
Territory acquired after Spain ceded it through the Adams-Onis Treaty
Florida Cession/Florida (1819)
Compromise: California admitted as a free state; Fugitive Slave Act allowed Southern slave owners to hunt down slaves who escaped to the north; both freedmen and runaway slaves were affected; increased sectional tensions
Compromise of 1850
Immigrant group: settled in the Northeast, escaped a potato famine from their home country, helped build the Erie Canal and Transcontinental Railroad (east)
Irish immigrants
A plan suggested by the large states: representation should be based on population
Virginia Plan
Established the precedents of two terms, "Mr. President," and forming a Cabinet.
President George Washington
"The Shot Heard 'Round the World" (1775)
Battle of Lexington & Concord
Law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, allowed Southern slave owners to hunt down slaves that escaped into the north; freedmen and runaway slaves were captured; increased sectional tensions between the North and South
Fugitive Slave Act
Principle of the Constitution: People express their power by electing representatives to Congress.
Republicanism
(1787) Established a method to admit new states to the Union; provided a process for territories to govern themselves
Religious group that settled in Maryland, escaping persecution
Catholics
Supreme Court Case: established judicial review
Marbury v. Madison
Region of the United States: small farms, livestock, supplied food resources, German and Swedish immigrants
Midwest
French ally and general; helped train and discipline the Continental Army during the winter at Valley Forge
Marquis de Lafayette
A novel describing the cruelty of slavery, fueling support for the Abolitionist movement in the North
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Religious group that settled in Pennsylvania, founding it as a safe haven; the first anti-slavery group
Quakers
The rights of citizens would be better protected by having both federal and state levels of government. Federalist or Anti-Federalist?
Federalist
Punishment imposed on the colonies after the Boston Tea Party, including the closing of Boston Harbor and the dissolving of assemblies
Intolerable Acts
Principle of the Constitution: Each branch checks on each other so that one branch does not become more powerful.
Checks and Balances
First permanent English settlement in North America; founded for commercial profit and economic reasons (1607)
Jamestown, Virginia
Climate: mild, moderate weather, good growing season
Middle Colonies
Abolitionist leader who started "The Liberator," increasing support for abolitionism
William Lloyd Garrison
To leave the Union and ignore the laws of the United States (South Carolina threatened to do it during the Nullification Crisis)
secede/secession
This document, drafted at the Seneca Falls Convention, highlighted inequalities that existed in society, and demanded suffrage for all women
Declaration of Sentiments
An agreement made at the Constitutional Convention to create a bicameral legislature
Great Compromise
Term given to a Northerner who went to the south to take advantage of southerners economically
Carpetbagger
Due process of law; no self-incrimination, no double jeopardy
5th Amendment
Enforces the Laws (President)
Executive Branch
Right to a trial by jury in civil cases
7th Amendment
The Constitution gives the federal government enough power to overpower the states. Federalist or Anti-Federalist?
Anti-Federalist
Term used by Jackson supporters to describe the result of the election of 1824
"corrupt bargain"
Vetoed the Second Bank of the United States, threatened South Carolina with military force, and forced the removal of the Cherokee from Georgia by ignoring a Supreme Court ruling
President Andrew Jackson
Vice President of Abraham Lincoln who became the 17th President after Lincoln's assassination; became the first president to be impeached after opposing Radical Republican legislation during Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson
Slogan in response to the Sugar Act
"No taxation without representation"
English philosopher who suggested the theories of natural rights and the social contract; influenced Thomas Jefferson when he wrote the Declaration of Independence
John Locke
This social contract signed by the Pilgrims provided self-government for the settlement of Plymouth
Mayflower Compact
An abolitionist who led a slave revolt at Harpers Ferry; believed that violence was necessary to end slavery
John Brown
Territory acquired through a treaty at the end of the American Revolution
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Effect of the French and Indian War, leading to Parliament imposing economic policies on the colonies
debt
Supreme Court Case: federal government regulates interstate commerce; federal supremacy over states
Gibbons v. Ogden
He was the first African American to be elected to the Senate
Hiram Rhodes Revels
The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution
The Bill of Rights
Abolitionist who escaped from slavery, wrote an autobiography in which he described his personal experience, and published the anti-slavery newspaper "The North Star"
Frederick Douglass
First representative legislature in the colonies; became a model lawmaking institution
Virginia House of Burgesses
Immigrant group: settled in the Midwest, escaped political turmoil and unrest, established small farms, influenced culture (ex: Kindergarten, tuba, education)
German immigrants
THREE requirements for a territory to become a state under the Northwest Ordinance (Name each one.)
1. 60,000 people need to live in the territory; 2. 5,000 free males; 3. NO SLAVERY
President of the Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis
Dealt with issues concerning France, only served one term due to his unpopularity from the Alien and Sedition Acts
President John Adams
Religious revival in the nineteenth century that inspired a wave of social activism
Second Great Awakening
Reconstruction Amendment: granted the right to vote regardless of race; African Americans could vote
Fifteenth Amendment
Territory acquired when the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States, leading to a border dispute with Mexico
Texas Annexation (1845)
The first to sign the Declaration of Independence because he was devoted to liberty, the largest signature on the document
John Hancock
Britain officially recognized the United States as independent country; the U.S. acquired territory from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean (1783)
Treaty of Paris
Congress confirms judicial nominations. Which branch is checking which branch?
Legislative Branch checks the Judicial Branch.
1863: speech in which President Lincoln addressed the reason the war was being fought (ending slavery and preserving the Union)
Gettysburg Address
Author of Common Sense, persuaded colonies to declare their independence from Great Britain
Thomas Paine
Abolitionist who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, which fueled support for the Abolitionist movement
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Author of the Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
Geography: rolling hills, good soil
Middle Colonies
Monarch of Britain; considered a tyrant by the colonists
King George III
The existing national government lacks the power to perform essential functions. Federalist or Anti-Federalist?
Federalist
A philosophical movement in America that was based on the idea that people can transcend the material world and focus on self-reflectionl
Transcendentalism
Served two terms during the Era of Good Feelings, prohibited Europe from colonization the Western Hemisphere
President James Monroe
A system based on capitalism that allows consumers to choose what to buy, and private citizens can make what they want without government interference
free enterprise
Fugitive slave who became the conductor of the Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman
To approve
ratify
This religious group were the first to call for an end to slavery during the colonization era because it violated Christian principles
Quakers
This country settled southwest North America; sought gold; converted Native Americans to Catholicism; established Catholic missions
Spain
1863: freed slaves in Confederate territory; led to more Union support for the war
Emancipation Proclamation
Makes the laws (Congress)
Legislative Branch
Right to a speedy trial, right to an attorney
6th Amendment
Declare War, Make Treaties, Operate Post Offices
Strengths of the Articles of Confederation
Territory acquired from France when President Jefferson purchased it to gain control of the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Led the nation during the War of 1812
President James Madison
Congress can override a presidential veto with a 2/3 vote from both houses. Which branch is checking which branch?
Legislative Branch checks the Executive Branch.
Geography: flat, plains, fertile soil
Southern Colonies
Term given to a Southerner who supported giving rights to African Americans
Scalawag
The Supreme Court can declare executive acts unconstitutional. Which branch is checking which branch?
Judicial Branch checks the Executive Branch.
Form of protest towards the Stamp Act in which colonists refused to buy British goods
boycott
The three unalienable rights
Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness
British General Cornwallis surrendered to General Washington, ending the American Revolution (1781)
Battle of Yorktown
Political party: anti-immigrant, native-born Americans were referred to as "Native Americans," targeted discrimination on Irish immigrants
Know-Nothing Party
This country settled central North America; fur trade in the Great Lakes Region; friendly relations with the Native Americans
France
This document influenced the Bill of Rights, provided protections for citizens including trial by jury and freedom of speech (1689)
English Bill of Rights
He was the first casualty of the American Revolution when he died at the Boston Massacre
Crispus Attucks
Restrictions added by southern states to restrict the rights of African Americans
Black Codes
Reconstruction Amendment: granted citizenship rights and equal rights under the law to African Americans
Fourteenth Amendment
the right to vote
suffrage
Under this new Constitution, the states will surrender too much power to the federal government. Federalist or Anti-Federalist?
Anti-Federalist
Economy: "bread basket," wheat, oats, barley, rye
Middle Colonies
Right to bear arms
2nd Amendment
This school of art included artist Thomas Cole, who painted natural landscapes of New York
Hudson River School
Example of civil disobedience: Sons of Liberty dumped 342 crates of tea into Boston Harbor in response to the Tea Act
Boston Tea Party
Man-made river that decreased the cost of shipping goods and connected the Northeast to the Midwest, made New York City a significant port city, built by Irish immigrants
Erie Canal
System that replaced cottage industry, leading to rapid industrialization
factory system
A house of Congress: representation based on population of each state
House of Representatives
Reconstruction Amendment: abolished slavery
Thirteenth Amendment
A significant figure in U.S. history who fought to create legislation that would improve the facilities for the mentally ill and disabled
Dorothea Dix
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