What are histones?
A histone is a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome
What is a mutation?
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism
Name 2 common types of mutagens
Radioactive substances, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays
Name the three types of RNA and their jobs.
mRNA: helps with protein synthesis during translation. tRNA: adds amino acids & reads genetic code during translation. rRNA: catalyst and structure support
What are introns?
Introns are nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA that do not directly code for proteins - opposite of exons
What is transformation?
Transformation is a process by which foreign genetic material is taken up by a cell. The process results in a stable genetic change within the transformed cell.
What's the difference between DNA and RNA?
RNA is single strand, DNA is double strand.DNA has four nitrogen bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine and for RNA instead of thymine, it has uracil
Describe what happened in Frederick Griffith’s experiment with pneumonia and mice?
heat-killed bacteria converted live virus cells to non-virus cells, and he called the component of the dead S-type bacteria the “transforming principle"
What was discovered from the work conducted by Avery, Hershey and Chase in regards to the molecule responsible for inheritance?
They discovered that DNA is the transforming agent.
What are codons?
A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid
What are the building blocks of DNA?
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)
What three roles must the DNA molecule carry out inside the cell?
1. storage, 2. copying genes, 3. transmitting genes
What are exons?
Exons are the parts of a gene that code for a protein
What forms the “steps of the ladder” in a DNA molecule?
the rungs of the ladder are composed of pairs of nitrogenous bases (base pairs)
What molecule contains codons?
The messenger RNA (mRNA)
What are mutagens?
an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, which causes genetic mutation.
What are the monomers that make up proteins?
Amino acids
Where does transcription take place?
in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes and in nucleus in eukaryotes
What role did Rosalind Franklin and James Watson & Francis Crick play in our understanding of DNA’s structure?
Rosalind Franklin discovered the density of DNA and, more importantly, established that the molecule existed in a helical conformation.
What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
Chromatin is the DNA and proteins that make up a chromosome. Chromosomes are the separate pieces of DNA in a cell.
What is an anticodon?
trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule
What is the job of a tRNA molecule?
bring the amino acids and place them in the correct potsition to create the desired protein
DNA contains the instructions for building which type of macromolecule?
DNA is a double stranded helical macromolecule that contains the instructions for creating RNA molecules, peptides, and proteins
Name the mRNA codon that is used to start the process of translation
AUG