peasant girl who led french army to victory over the english in the 100 year's war
momentum
a force gathered over time
foundations
the basis from which an idea or situation develops
heretic
a person who holds beliefs that are contrary to a set of religious teachings
monarch
king or queen
Habeas Corpus
the legal concept that an accused person cannot be jailed indefinitely without being charged with a crime
Byzantium
old name for Constantinople
Hundred Years War
War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453)
Constitutions of Clarendon
An attempt by Henry II to gain control of the Church and give more power to himself
Henry II's legal reforms
- royal judges traveled around the kingdom to settle disputes and punish crimes- use of jury trials was introduced- a system of uniform punishments wa...
Democratic
ruled by the people. In a democracy, citizens elect representatives to make and carry out laws.
Traditional
a belief, custom, or way of doing something that has existed for a long time
King Edward I
English king who changed parliament to include representatives of the "common people."
Constantinople
Capital of the Byzantine Empire
Model Parliament
a governing body created by King Edward I of England that included some commoners, Church officials, and nobles
estimate
a guess as to the value or size of something
King John
Signed the Magna Carta
Bubonic Plague
disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.
Byzantine Empire
Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.
Feudalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, an...
Magna Carta
the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215
Battle of Crecy (1346)
Battle in which the English longbow was first used and which showed its superiority against French heavy cavalry is made clear
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