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Past Modals of deduction

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  • I _________ have written down the number incorrectly. I just called a hospital, not the restaurant.
    must
  • Martha ______ have taken your notebook; she wasn’t even in class yesterday.
    couldn't/can't
  • Patrick isn't answering his phone. He _________ have switched it off or left it at home.
    might/may
  • Oh no! My wallet isn't in my bag. I _________ have left it at home.
    must
  • She _________ have gone to the city centre. She did say she wanted to go shopping.
    might/may/could
  • Look at her diamond ring. It's so big, it _________ have cost a fortune.
    must
  • He _________ have gone to Canada. He doesn't have a passport.
    can't/couldn't
  • How did she fail that exam? She _________ have studied very much.
    can't/couldn't
  • John _________ have been very happy when he found out he was going to be a father. He's wanted this for a long time.
    must
  • He _________ have gone to the beach. He hates being in the sun.
    can't/couldn't
  • She _________ have misunderstood my directions. That's why she is late.
    must
  • I ___________ have left the window open. That's how the cat got in.
    must
  • I _________ have left my keys at home. I remember locking the door when I left this morning.
    can't/couldn't
  • We don't know for sure that Alex broke the coffee table. It _________ have been the dog.
    may/might/could
  • Why were there no buses yesterday? Maybe it was the snow or they _________ have been on strike.
    might/may
  • The printer’s been broken for the past week, so she _______ have printed out the report.
    couldn't
  • Sheila's got a tan. She ______ have spent a lot of time in the sun lately.
    must
  • He _________ have left the office yet. It's only 3 o'clock and he works until 5.
    can't
  • There was one banana left, but now it’s gone. My husband _____ have eaten it.
    must
  • You _________ have seen her yesterday. She has been on vacation for a week now.
    can't/couldn't