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Advanced Biology module 15

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  • What is filtrate?
    Blood plasma minus the proteins, filtered by the nephrons of the kidneys.
  • What is a buffer system?
    A mixture of acids and bases that resist changes in the pH
  • What are the three processes for changing the pH of blood?
    least effective but fast is the buffer system in the blood, ventilation depth and rate, most effective but slow is H+ secretion in the kidneys
  • Why does water get passively reabsorbed in the descending loop of Henle?
    Because of the high concentration of solutes (Na, saltiness) the solute concentration in the medulla is 4 times more than in normal interstitial fluid
  • What is erythropoiesis?
    The production of red blood cells (erythro-red, poi - new)
  • Why are there two urethral sphincter muscles?
    The internal sphincter is automatically opened (parasympathetic) when the bladder fills up. the external sphincter is voluntary.
  • Why does the kidney tightly control the reabsorption of water?
    The water balance in the body, for homeostasis is has a narrow range
  • What does retroperitoneal mean?
    behind the parietal peritoneum.
  • What are the parts of the Bicarbonate buffer system? Where is it found?
    Carbonic acid H2CO3 and the bicarbonate ion HCO3- it is found in the extra cellular fluid
  • What is the buffer system found inside the cells and the nephron tubules?
    The phosphate buffer system - dihydrogen phosphate, H2PO4 and monohydrogen phosphate, HPO4
  • Label f, g, h, i, j,
    f. thick segment ascending loop of Henle g. proximal tubule h. distal tubule i. cortex j. medulla
  • What happens to the pH of blood in high altitudes and why?
    It becomes alkaline. You breathe deeper to get more O2, and that causes you to get rid of more CO2
  • What is the buffer system in the blood?
    Proteins - amino acids, amino part is the base, acid part is the.....acid
  • What is filtrate in the urinary systerm>
    Blood plasma minus the large proteins. The fluid that is filtered by the nephrons
  • What structure in the urinary system contains stratified transitional epithelium and why
    The bladder, because it needs to be able to stretch a lot
  • Name 7 functions of the urinary system.
    1.urine formation2.pH control3.blood pressure regulation 4. red blood cell formation5.vitamin D activation 6. transport of urine7.storage and release of urine
  • What waste product get reabsorbed into the blood stream by passive reabsorption?
    Urea and water. Urea, follows the water as it passively diffuses in the proximal tubule
  • What are juxtaglomerular cells? Where are they found? What do they do?
    They are cells in the afferent arteriole that detect low blood pressure or low Na.which causes them to release renin-angiotensin1-angiotensin II, thirsty, salt
  • Label f, g, h, i
    f. renal column, g. cortex, h. medulla, i. minor calyx
  • What are the two parts of the Phosphate buffer system?Where is it found?
    dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-)(weak acid) and monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42-)(weak base) It is found in the cells
  • What organ sits on top of each kidney? (not part of the urinary system)
    the adrenal gland
  • What might cause urine to become more alkaline, and why?
    vomiting, because you are losing acid, causing the kidney to secrete a lot of H+ ions back into the blood
  • What is the Glomerular Filtration rate(GFR)?
    The rate at which filtrate is produced in glomerular filtration. normal is 125ml/min
  • What is the vasa recta?
    A blood vessel in the medulla of the kidney, near the loop of henle
  • Why is the T-max important?
    It limits the reabsorption of substances, that the body only needs in limited amounts
  • What part of the nephron is affected by ADH?
    Antidiuretic hormone controls the distal tubule's permeability to water.
  • What is tubular maximum?
    The maximum rate of reabsorption by active transport through the nephron tubules. (glucose and sodium)
  • What is the renal blood flow rate?
    The rate at which blood flows through the kidneys (1 liter/min)
  • What are fenestrae?
    large pores in the glomerular capillaries
  • What is the normal pH range for blood?
    7.35-7.45
  • What is happening in the "secretion" step of urine formation? What can get secreted?
    Waste products are are sent from the capillaries to the nephrons. K+ and H+
  • What can cause the GFR to go down? Is this always a bad thing?
    Blood loss or dehydration. short term it can help prevent further blood loss or dehydration.
  • What is renal blood flow rate?
    The rate at which blood flows through the kidneys to be filtered. 1 liter/min
  • What are the 4 steps of Urine formation?
    1. filtration 2. reabsorption 3. secretion 4. reabsorption of water
  • What part of the nephron is not permeable to water?
    The ascending loop of Henle
  • Why are the kidneys outside the peritoneal area and packed in fat?
    We don't want them to move!
  • A sample of blood has a pH of 7.2, is it acidic, alkaline or normal?
    acidic <7.35
  • What buffer system is found in the interstitial fluid?
    The bicarbonate system, - carbonic acid H2CO3, and bicarbonate HCO3+
  • Starting with the kidneys, name the 4 parts of the urinary tract.
    kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
  • What are the acid and base of the protein buffer system? Where is it found?
    amino acids. amino is a weak base and the acid is ....acid. this buffering system is found in the blood plasma
  • What hormone is produced in the heart and decreases the amount of water reabsorbed, and what triggers it to be produced?
    Atrial natriuretic hormone. When blood volume is high, it stretched the atria of the heart,
  • Interstitial fluid in the medulla is 1200mOsm/kg which is 4 times normal interstitial fluid and the interstitial fluid in the cortex, Why?
    It has a high concentration of urea, to passively draw water out of the descending loop of Henle, and then into the vasa recta(blood vessels)
  • Label a, b, c, d, e
    a. renal capsule, b. renal pyramid, c. renal artery, d. renal vein, e. remal pelvis
  • Label a, b, c, d, e
    a. renal corpuscle b. Bowman's capsule c. glomerulus d. descending loop of Henle e. loop of Henle
  • This is a representation of the nephron and capillary. Which arrow shows secretion and which represents absorption?
    A represents solutes traveling from the filtrate to the capillary:reabsorption B represents solutes traveling from the capillary to the nephron : secretion
  • What is a sphincter?
    a ring of muscles surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening of a tube.
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