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What area of the brain coordinates voluntary movements, contracting muscles with correct force and at appropriate times?
Cerebellum
With bilateral damage, what nerve can have serious effects on articulation, as the patient may not be able to sufficiently raise the jaw to produce most consonant and vowel phonemes, particularly those requiring lip/tongue movement?
CN V: Trigeminal
Which cranial nerves neurons are closely integrated with CN X?
CN XI: Accessory
Which cranial nerve has 3 branches, each having a special importance for speech production?
CN X: Vagus
Which structure is described as "the doorway" through which subcortical systems of the nervous system communicate with the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
T or F?: It is believed that the initial planning of a voluntary movement is formulated primarily in the association cortices.
True
T or F?: The primary motor cortex is an actual action commander.
True
The control circuits in the basal ganglia and cerebellum link the association cortex with the ____ ____ _____.
Primary Motor Cortex
The spinal nerves play an important role in speech production because they provide motor innervations for the muscles of _____.
Respiration
Higher cognitive activities, such as language, motor planning, problem solving, and sensory perception are performed in the:
 
Cerebral Cortex
 
Kyle's Closet
 
Brainstem
 
Cerebellum
Motor planning does NOT:
 
clean Prof. Seymour's desk for her
 
involve the insular cortex
 
occur before motor programming
 
involve the basal ganglia
A lesion in the left primary motor area can cause:
Right lower facial weakness
It is believed that the _____ has an important role on refining slow/continuous movements whereas the ____ is important for rapid movements and coordinating timing of the movements.
 
basal ganglia; cerebellum
 
cerebellum; basal ganglia
 
Vermiglio; Chermak
 
Brainstem; cerebellum
The output of the cerebellum is:
 
more inhibitory than excitatory
 
more excitatory than inhibitory
Which structure is NOT part of the control circuit?
 
Bolus
 
Basal ganglia
 
Thalamus
 
Cerebellum
T or F?: CN is considered a LMN or Final common pathway.
TRUE
T or F?: Lack of dopamine would cause damage to the basal ganglia with excessive excitation, resulting in muscle rigidity, gait disturbance, and difficulty initiating movements.
True
What neural components are associated with motor programming?
Basal ganglia, cerebellum, premotor and motor association areas
What neural components are associated with motor PLANNING?
Premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, Broca's area, parietal association cortex (BA 5/7), insula
Which is NOT an evaluation task commonly used in evoking speech chracteristics most associated with dysarthria in motor speech eval?
 
SMR tasks
 
Conversational speech & reading
 
AMR tasks
 
Vowel prolongations
The primary neuromuscular characteristic in patients with flaccid dysarthria is...
Weakness
Atrophy is a confirmatory sign for _____ dysarthria.
Flaccid
In flaccid dysarthria, hypernasality is usually caused by damage to which CN?
CN X
Hyporeflexia is one of the confirmatory signs for ____ dysarthria.
Flaccid
Flaccid dysarthria affects the muscles of...?
Respiration, phonation, articulation, prosody, and resonance
Right-sided lower facial weakness is consistent with damage to...
Left UMN
Spastic dysarthria is caused by bilateral damage to ______ & ______ pathways.
Pyramidal; Extrapyramidal
Of the 5 components of speech, ____ is the LEAST compromised with the presence of spastic dysarthria.
 
Respiration
 
Phonation
 
Articulation
 
Prosody
Spastic dysarthria is due to what type of damage?
Bilateral UMN
Slowness of speech is most common with what type of dysarthria?
Spastic
T or F?: Hypernasality is often more severe in spastic dysarthria than in flaccid?
False
Patients with ___ dysarthria may demonstrate reduced/absent oral reflexes compared to patients with ___ dysarthria.
Flaccid; spastic
Phonation may have a ____ quality in spastic dysarthria and a ___quality in flaccid dysarthria?
 
strained-strangled; breathy
 
breathy; strained-strangled
T or F?: Pseudobulbar affect and drooling are associated more with spastic than flaccid dysarthria.
True
The difference between the hypernasality noted in spastic dysarthria and flaccid dysarthria is...
Hypernasality in SPASTIC does not generally include nasal emission
A single stroke can cause spastic dysarthria only when it occurs in _____.
The Brainstem
The most common articulation disorder in patients with spastic dysarthria is.....
Imprecise consonants
What are the most prominent signs and symptoms for ataxia?
 
Articulation inaccuracy & scanning-like prosody
 
Articulation inaccuracy & prolonged vowels
 
Scanning-like prosody & prolonged vowels
 
Monopitch & slow rate
The most prevalent speech error in ataxic dysarthria is:
 
Imprecise consonant production
 
Slowed rate
 
Monopitch
 
Breathy vocal quality


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