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Linguistics II
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Delimiter between question and answer:

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  • Each line maps to a question.
  • If the delimiter is used in a question, the question should be surrounded by double quotes: "My, question","My, answer"
  • The first answer in the multiple choice question must be the correct answer.

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The intended meaning which ‘is generated intentionally by the speaker and may (or may not) be understood by the hearer’
Conversational implicature
We should be clear in what we say, we should avoid ambiguity or obscurity and we should be brief and orderly in our contribution to the interaction.
Maxim of manner
We should make our contribution relevant to the interaction, or we should indicate in what way it is not.
The maxim of relation
We should make our contribution as informative as is required for the particular purpose and not make it more informative than is required.
Maxim of quantity
People should only say what they believe to be true and what they have evidence for
The maxim of quality
We should aim to make our conversational contribution ‘such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction’ of the exchange in which we are engaged.
The cooperative principle
The common ground that is assumed to exist between language users such as assumed knowledge of a situation and/or of the world.
Presupposition
The communication must be carried out by the right person, in the right place, at the right time and, normally, with a certain intention or it will not ‘work’. What's the concept? Whose?
Felicity conditions (Austin)
The effect an utterance has on the thoughts or actions of the other person
The perlocutionary act
The speaker’s intention in uttering the words.
The illocutionary act
The literal meaning of the actual words (such as ‘It’s hot in here’ referring to the temperature).
The locutionary act
What people ‘know about what they have been saying’
Co-textual context
What people ‘know about each other and the world’
Background knowledge context
What people ‘know about what they can see around them’
Situational context
The connection between a text and other texts taken as basic to the creation or interpretation of the text
Intertextuality
The study of language in relation to its social context
Discourse analysis
The meaning of language when it is used in an appropriate context to achieve particular aims
Pragmatics
The study of formal meanings, independent of context
Semantics
The process of activation of a text by relating it to a context of use
Discourse
A stretch of language complete in itself and of some considerable extent, dependent on its use in an appropriate context
Text
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