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Why is scientific knowledge always changing?
New evidence leads to updated conclusions.
How can errors be identified in research?
Through replication and peer review.
Why is replication sometimes difficult?
Cost, time, or lack of detail in methods.
What is replication?
Repeating an experiment to verify results.
How does new technology improve science?
It allows more accurate and detailed data collection.
Why might scientists resist new ideas?
They challenge established beliefs.
What is a retraction?
Withdrawal of a published study due to errors.
Why can incorrect ideas persist?
Due to bias, lack of evidence, or resistance to change.
How does peer review help correct science?
Experts evaluate and critique research.
What does “science is self-correcting” mean?
Errors are identified and corrected over time.
Why is wording important in scientific claims?
It can change meaning and level of certainty.
What question should you ask when reading a claim?
“What evidence supports this?”
Why are graphs sometimes misleading?
Axes or scales can be manipulated.
What is bias in reporting?
Presenting information in a way that favours one outcome.
Why should you check the source of information?
To ensure it is credible and reliable.
What is exaggeration in science communication?
Overstating results beyond what evidence supports.
What is cherry-picking data?
Selecting only data that supports a claim.
Why are statistics sometimes misleading?
They can be presented selectively or out of context.
Give an example of a misleading headline.
“Eating chocolate makes you smarter.”
What does “correlation does not equal causation” mean?
Two things may be related but one does not necessarily cause the other.
Why should multiple sources be used?
To increase reliability and reduce bias.
What is a secondary source?
Information that summarises or analyses primary sources.
What is a primary source?
Original data or first-hand research.
Why is it important to cite sources?
To show credibility and avoid plagiarism.
What is a trend in data?
A general pattern or direction in results.
Why are graphs used in science?
To show patterns and trends clearly.
What is quantitative data?
Numerical data.
What is qualitative data?
Descriptive, non-numerical data.
What type of evidence is most reliable?
Peer-reviewed, repeatable scientific data.
What is evidence-based science?
Using data and evidence to support conclusions.
How can ethics impact an investigation?
They limit what can be tested and how.
What role do governments play in scientific research?
They provide funding and regulation.
Why is peer review important?
It checks the quality and validity of research.
How can time constraints affect investigations?
They may reduce accuracy or depth of research.
What is publication bias?
When only positive results are published.
Why might companies exaggerate results?
To increase profits or attract customers.
How can media affect public understanding of science?
By exaggerating or simplifying results.
What is a conflict of interest?
When personal or financial interests affect objectivity.
How can funding create bias?
Researchers may favour results that benefit the sponsor.
Name one economic factor that can influence research.
Funding or cost of research.
Why is sample size important?
Larger samples give more reliable and accurate results.
What does validity mean?
How well the experiment measures what it is supposed to.
What does reliability mean in an experiment?
The consistency of results when repeated.
Why are control groups used?
To compare results and identify the effect of the independent variable.
What is a placebo?
A fake treatment used as a comparison in experiments.
Why is a fair test important?
To ensure results are valid and only one variable is changed.
What is a controlled variable?
A variable kept the same to ensure a fair test.
Why do scientists repeat experiments?
To improve reliability and check consistency.
What is the first step when testing a claim?
Ask a question or form a hypothesis.
What is a scientific claim?
A statement or conclusion that can be tested using evidence.
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