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Where does translation take place?
Ribosome
Where does transcription take place?
Nucleus
What is the role of DNA ligase?
DNA ligase joins fragments together by forming sugar phosphate bonds.
Compare the leading and lagging strands.
The leading strand is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously away from the fork as Okazak
Predict the percent of adenine if cytosine makes up 20% of a DNA sample.
: If cytosine is 20%, guanine is also 20%. That leaves 60% total for adenine and thymine, so adenine would be 30%.
Why are hydrogen bonds important in DNA structure?
Weak hydrogen bonds hold complementary bases together while still allowing the strands to separate during replication and transcription.
Compare purines and pyrimidines.
Purines (adenine and guanine) are double-ring nitrogenous bases, while pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine) are single-ring bases.
How can a mutation affect a protein?
A mutation can change the amino acid sequence, potentially altering the structure and function of the protein.
What is a codon?
A three-base sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
What happens during translation?
: The ribosome reads mRNA codons and assembles amino acids into a protein.
What happens during transcription?
DNA is used as a template to create mRNA.
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA-RNA-Protein
Which RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome?
tRNA
Which RNA carries the genetic code from DNA?
mRNA
What are the three types of RNA?
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
What are the key differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double-stranded, contains deoxyribose sugar, and uses thymine. RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, and uses uracil instead of thymine.
Why was Rosalind Franklin’s Photo 51 important?
It provided critical evidence of DNA’s double helix structure.
What does semi-conservative replication mean?
Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
What enzyme builds the new DNA strand?
DNA Polymerase
What enzyme unzips the DNA double helix?
DNA Helicase
When does DNA replication occur?
S phase of Interphase
Who discovered the double helix structure of DNA?
Franklin, Watson, Crick
What does antiparallel mean in DNA?
The two DNA strands run in opposite directions (5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’).
What are Chargaff’s base pairing rules?
Adenine pairs with Thymine (A=T) and Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C=G).
What are the four nitrogen bases in DNA?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G).
What are the three parts of a nucleotide
A nucleotide is made of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
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