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Give three examples of important people to remember from this chapter.
Marco Polo, Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama (any three from the people list are acceptable)
What is a caravel and why was it important?
A versatile ship with square and triangular sails that combined power and maneuverability for ocean travel
What role did maps and improved mapmaking play in exploration?
They became more accurate and based on traders' reports, enabling longer voyages and safer navigation
Who searched for the Northwest Passage for a shorter route to Asia?
Explorers like John Cabot and later Henry Hudson (sponsored by different nations)
What was the Line of Demarcation's practical effect on colonization?
It gave Spain rights to lands west of the line and Portugal rights to lands east, influencing colonization patterns (e.g., Brazil to Portugal)
What is the meaning of "circumnavigation"?
Sailing around the world
Which economic system did the chapter say provided the greatest long-term benefits?
Capitalism, because it encouraged investment, production, and broader prosperity
What is the difference between mercantilist and capitalist views of wealth?
Mercantilists saw wealth as national hoards of gold/silver; capitalists viewed wealth as money invested to generate more money and individual profit
What is a prospectus and how did it relate to early ventures?
A public announcement describing a business venture used to attract investors who would underwrite costs and share profits or losses
Name three major joint-stock companies from the Age of Exploration.
The English East India Company, the Dutch East India Company, and the French Company of New France
What is a joint-stock company?
A company where investors pool resources, receive stock certificates, and share profits and losses
Define capitalism as described in the chapter.
An economic system that uses wealth to create more wealth through private investment and joint-stock companies
Define mercantilism.
An economic system where colonies exist to supply the mother country and the government controls trade to accumulate national wealth
What economic changes in Europe are termed the Commercial Revolution?
Shift from land-based wealth to money economy, new business practices, and expanded trade and finance
Why were missionaries later forbidden or restricted in China and Japan?
Because of earlier Portuguese abuses, local resistance (e.g., Buddhist opposition), and distrust of foreign influence
How did European treatment of indigenous peoples vary by country?
Spain often enslaved and forced conversions; Portugal varied; France tended to work with natives; English often attempted coexistence but with exceptions
What motivated many Spanish explorers (conquistadors)?
Search for riches, conversion of Indians to Catholicism, and establishing Spanish authority
Which English settlement was the first permanent English colony in North America?
Jamestown (1607)
Which European nation founded New Amsterdam (later New York City)?
The Dutch (via Henry Hudson's exploration)
Which French explorers traveled the Mississippi River region?
Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet (explored); Sieur de La Salle claimed the Mississippi Valley for France
Who is called the "Father of New France" and founded Quebec in 1608?
Samuel de Champlain
Which explorers discovered the Mississippi River and the Grand Canyon region?
Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi; Francisco Vázquez de Coronado's men reached the Grand Canyon region
Who was Bartolomé de las Casas and what did he do?
A missionary and advocate who worked to protect Native Americans and helped pass the New Laws of 1542
Which conquistador captured and executed the Inca ruler Atahualpa?
Francisco Pizarro
What Spanish conquistador defeated the Aztecs?
Hernán Cortés
Who led the first circumnavigation of the earth (though he died during the voyage)?
Ferdinand Magellan (voyage completed by survivors)
What papal action attempted to divide new lands between Spain and Portugal?
Pope Alexander VI's Line of Demarcation
What were the three ships Columbus sailed with in 1492?
The Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María
Which explorer believed he could reach Asia by sailing west and sailed in 1492?
Christopher Columbus
Which explorer found a sea route to India and increased Portuguese trade?
Vasco da Gama
Who first rounded the tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)?
Bartolomeu Dias
Who was Prince Henry "the Navigator" and what did he do?
A Portuguese leader who founded a navigation school and promoted exploration
What instrument greatly aided sailors and mapmaking during exploration?
The compass
Which navigational tools helped sailors determine latitude?
The astrolabe, quadrant, and cross-staff
How did the Ottoman conquest influence European exploration?
It made overland trade routes risky and costly, encouraging searches for sea routes to Asia
What were common motives that prompted European explorers?
Search for new trade routes, quest for gold, desire for adventure and glory, religious concerns, and national competition
What 15th-century ship design made long sea voyages more practical?
The caravel
What traveler's tales stirred European imagination about the Far East?
Marco Polo
Name four changes in the Old World that led to exploration of the New World.
Renaissance curiosity and finance, improved navigation and maps, Ottoman control of trade routes, and commercial rivalry among European nations
What broad topic does Chapter 13 cover?
Exploration and Discovery
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