Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 2 Review 2025 | Baamboozle - Baamboozle

Describe why energy conversions are considered to be “inefficient”?

Energy conversions are inefficient because some energy is always lost as heat or other unusable forms during the process.

Why is it important that some radioisotopes used in diagnostic imaging have short half-lives?

Short half-lives are important because the radioisotopes decay quickly, minimizing radiation exposure to the patient while still providing enough time to produc

Explain the difference between kinetic and potential energy and give an example of each in the human body.

PE is stored energy, such as the energy in ATP or chemical bonds in glucose. KE is energy in motion, such as muscle contraction or nerve impulses that use ATP

What are molecular chaperones, and what is their function in the cell?

Molecular chaperones are special proteins that assist other proteins in folding into their correct 3D shapes. They help prevent misfolding

Why are buffers critical in the human body?

Buffers are critical because they maintain a stable pH in body fluids, which is essential for enzyme function, chemical reactions, and overall cellular health.

Describe the significance of water being the universal solvent in the human body.

Water’s polarity allows it to dissolve many substances, including salts, sugars, enables nutrient transport, waste removal, chemical rxns occur

Explain why water’s cohesion is important for processes like capillary action in plants or blood flow in humans.

Cohesion allows water molecules to stick together, helping it move through narrow vessels and tubes efficiently.

Explain the significance of water’s high heat capacity and high heat of vaporization in maintaining homeostasis.

helps the body resist sudden temperature changes, keeping cells and tissues stable. high heat of vapor. allows the body to cool when sweating

Explain why fluid and electrolyte balance is critical for human health.

Fluid and electrolyte balance is essential for maintaining normal hydration, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, blood pressure, and overall cellular function.

Describe what would happen to a chemical reaction in the body if the enzyme required for it was missing.

The reaction would occur much more slowly or may not occur at all under normal physiological conditions.

Explain what would happen to a protein’s function if it would be subjected to high fever or extreme pH.

protein could become denatured due to high temp

The process that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water is called ____________.

hydrolysis

dehydration synthesis

neutralization

all of these

The process that joins monomers to form polymers by removing water is called __________________.

dehydration synthesis

hydrolysis

neutralization

all of these

In DNA, the complementary base to Adenine would be __________________.

Thymine

Cytosine

Glycine

Guanine

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic cofactor that is part of a holoenzyme?

Zinc ion (Zn2+)

NAD+

ATP

DNA

The apoenzyme portion of a holoenzyme _____________________.

the protein portion of enzyme responsible for specificity

is the non-protein cofactor required for activity

provides energy for the reaction

denatures under high temperature

The structure of ATP is most similar to ________________.

a nucleotide

a triglyceride

a monosaccharide

an amino acid

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?

Energy storage

Hormone regulation

Transport and movement

Enzymatic catalysis

The process of hydrolysis is important in metabolism because it _________________________________.

breaks down polymers into smaller units

joins monomers together

converts ATP into ADP and phosphate

removes water to form bonds

The phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is essential because ___________________________.

it forms a selective barrier due to hydrophobic/hydrophilic

it is composed entirely of carbohydrates

it allows all substances to pass freely

it provides rigid support

Which lipid molecule acts as a chemical messenger in the body?

Steroid

Cholesterol

Phospholipid

Triglyceride

The formation of peptide bonds between amino acids occurs through ___________________.

dehydration synthesis

hydrolysis

neutralization

oxidation

Which part of an amino acid gives each one its unique chemical properties?

R (side) group

Carboxyl group

Amino group

Hydrogen atom

The most abundant and versatile macromolecule in the human body is ___________________________________.

proteins

nucleic acids

carbohydrates

lipids

Which macromolecule type serves as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies?

proteins

carbohydrates

nucleic acids

lipids

The most important role of nucleic acids is to ____________________________.

store and transmit genetic information

catalyze metabolic reactions

provide quick energy

form biological membranes

Which of the following accurately describes DNA?

Double-stranded, stores genetic information

Single-stranded and found mainly in the cytoplasm

Contains the sugar ribose and base uracil

Forms from the translation process

Hemoglobin functions as a _______________________.

transport protein carrying oxygen

structural protein providing tensile strength

hormone regulating blood sugar

enzyme for digestion

Proteins are the most functionally diverse macromolecule group because _______________.

the sequence of 20 amino acids can form countless combos

they are nonpolar and stable

they are composed only of hydrogen and oxygen

their structure is determined only by temperature

Which type of lipid is most important in cell membrane structure?

phospholipid

steroid

triglyceride

wax

The primary role of triglycerides in the human body is to _____________.

provide insulation and long-term energy storage

store genetic information

form the protective phospholipid bilayer

catalyze metabolic reactions

Which statement about lipids is TRUE?

They are insoluble in water but soluble in other lipids.

They are composed of repeating amino acid units.

They are the body’s main immediate energy source.

They are all polar molecules.

Glycogen is primarily stored in which two organs?

liver and skeletal muscle

brain and kidneys

heart and lungs

stomach and pancreas

Which macromolecule serves as the primary short-term energy source for most cells?

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

A substance that stabilizes pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions is a(n) _______________.

buffer

base

acid

electrolyte

The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose monomers is an example of _________________.

hydrolysis

dehydration synthesis

reduction

oxidation

The polarity of water contributes to all of the following EXCEPT ______________.

formation of nonpolar covalent bonds

high heat capacity

ability to dissolve salts

cohesion between molecules

The most common element combinations that form organic molecules include ___________________.

C, H, O, N, P, S

Na, Cl, K, Ca

Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg

P, S, I, Se

The sequence of amino acids in a protein represents its _______________________.

primary structure

secondary structure

tertiary structure

quaternary structure

The high heat of vaporization of water is significant because it _________________.

allows the body to cool through sweating

causes ice to sink

decreases metabolic rates

prevents hydrogen bonding

During hydrolysis reactions, _______________________________________________.

water is added to break bonds

water is removed to form bonds

energy is absorbed

bonds are formed between monomers

The energy stored in ATP is located in its _______________________.

high-energy phosphate bonds

adenine base

ribose sugar

nitrogen atoms

Enzyme activity can be affected by all of the following EXCEPT __________________________.

DNA sequence

pH

temperature

concentration of enzyme or substrate

When a protein’s hydrogen bonds are broken due to high temperature or pH changes, the process is called ___________________.

denaturation

synthesis

deamination

polymerization

The process of joining two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide involves a(n) _______________________.

dehydration synthesis reaction

hydrolysis reaction

oxidation reaction

reduction reaction

Which type of reaction results in the formation of larger molecules from smaller building blocks?

Synthesis reaction

Decomposition reaction

Exchange reaction

Oxidation reaction

The term polar molecule refers to ________________________________________.

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge

A molecule with equal charge distribution

A molecule that lacks hydrogen atoms

A molecule held together by nonpolar covalent bonds

Which statement about hydrogen bonds is FALSE?

They are strong covalent bonds.

They are responsible for the shape of DNA molecules.

They form between partially charged atoms.

They help water remain liquid at room temperature.

When a protein is denatured, it _______________________.

loses shape and function

forms peptide bonds

becomes more reactive

maintains its function

The primary function of carbohydrates in the human body is ________________________.

energy source

structural support

insulation and protection

enzyme production

Which of the following is an example of a medical use of radioactive isotopes?

all of these

diagnostic imaging

radiation therapy for cancer

biological tracers

What form of energy is used to transmit messages from one part of the body to another?

mechanical energy

potential energy

chemical energy

radiant energy

What form of energy is found in the foods we eat?

chemical energy

electrical energy

mechanical energy

all of these

Name the basic monomer of lipids.

fatty acids and glycerol

Name the monomer of nucleic acids.

nucleotides

Name the monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

Name the monomer of proteins

amino acids

Enzymes are a part of which macromolecule group?

proteins

The main energy currency of cells is _________.

ATP

A solution with a pH of 8 is _____________________.

a weak base

a strong base

a weak acid

a strong acid

An acid is a compound that ____________________.

releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

Neutralizes bases by releasing hydroxide ions (OH-)

increases pH in solution

The most abundant inorganic compound in the human body is _________________.

water

oxygen

carbon dioxide

sodium chloride

Enzymes function by __________________________.

lowering the amount of activation energy

increasing the amount of activation energy

becoming permanently altered in the chemical reaction

slowing down chemical reactions

Which of the following best describes an endergonic reaction?

absorbs energy

releases energy

requires enzymes to occur

occurs only in the absence of oxygen

Which of the following best describes an exergonic reaction?

releases energy

absorbs energy

requires enzymes to occur

occurs only in the absence of oxygen

A decomposition reaction is represented as:

AB --> A + B

A + B --> AB

AB + C --> A + BC

AB + CD --> AD + BC

In a chemical equation, the substances on the left side of the arrow are the:

reactants

products

enzymes

catalysts

Covalent bonds are formed by ________________.

the sharing of electron pairs

the transfer of electrons

hydrogen bonding between polar molecules

the attraction between oppositely charged ions

An ionic bond is formed when ___________________.

electrons are transferred from one atom to another

electrons are shared between two atoms

two atoms share protons

to ions repel each other

Isotopes of an element have different numbers of _________________.

neutrons

protons

electrons

all of these

The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of _________________.

protons

neutrons

electrons

all of these

Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge?

electron

neutron

proton

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element is called a(n) ________________.

atom

proton

compound

molecule

Which of the following best defines an element?

A substance that cannot be broken down by normal means

A substance that can be broken down into simpler substances

A combination of two or more compounds

A form of energy that has mass