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How does biblical teaching about human nature differ from Renaissance humanism?
 
Bible says humans are made in God’s image but are morally corrupt
 
Renaissance humanism emphasized human worth and achievements often over spiritual concerns.
What were the Wars of Religion?
Conflicts in Europe during the 1500s and 1600s caused by religious divisions.
How did the Reformation influence family life and education?
Emphasized family roles and promoted education so people could read the Bible.
Which parts of Europe embraced Protestantism?
Most of northern Europe.
What was the Council of Trent and what did it accomplish?
A series of meetings affirming Catholic doctrines and addressing church corruption.
What was the Index of Prohibited Books?
A list of banned books including Protestant literature and some Bible versions.
What was the Inquisition?
A church court set up to find and punish heretics.
What was the role of the Jesuits during the Counter Reformation?
To suppress Protestantism, promote Catholic education, and spread the faith.
What was the Counter Reformation?
The Catholic Church’s response to reform by renewing devotion and defending doctrine.
How did the printing press affect the spread of Reformation ideas?
It allowed rapid publication and wider distribution of Reformation writings and Bibles.
Who was John Calvin and what was his main teaching about salvation?
A Reformer who taught salvation comes by God’s grace to the elect.
Who were the Anabaptists and what did they believe about baptism?
A group rejecting infant baptism and rebaptizing believers.
What does excommunication mean?
Being officially expelled from the Catholic Church denying salvation.
What was Martin Luther’s main belief about salvation?
Salvation is a gift from God by faith, not earned by works.
Who was John Huss and what happened to him?
A Bohemian pastor influenced by Wycliffe who was burned at the stake.
Who was John Wycliffe and what did he do?
An English pastor who produced the first Bible in English.
What were indulgences?
Papers granting pardon from punishment of sins sold by the Catholic Church.
What was the Great Schism?
A division with two popes (French and Italian) ruling simultaneously.
What Catholic Church doctrines did the reformers protest?
Salvation requiring human works, mass as transubstantiation, and priestly forgiveness of sins.
What was the Protestant Reformation?
A movement protesting Catholic doctrines and practices to reform the church.
What was Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses about?
Arguments disputing the value and sale of indulgences.
How did social trends change in early modern Europe compared to the Middle Ages?
Wealth shifted from agriculture to trade and finance, peasants became wage earners.
Describe the ideal Renaissance man.
A person accomplished in many fields such as art, science, and literature.
What architectural features characterize Renaissance buildings?
Rounded arches, columns, and domes.
Name two famous Renaissance artists and one famous work from each.
Leonardo da Vinci ("Mona Lisa"), Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel ceiling).
How did Renaissance art differ from medieval art?
It was more realistic, used shading and perspective to add depth.
What was the role of guilds in Renaissance Florence?
Guilds regulated occupations and protected members from competition.
What did Sir Thomas More write and what did it describe?
He wrote "Utopia," describing an ideal country based on reason.
Who was Erasmus and what was his impact?
A Dutch scholar who published the first Greek New Testament and advocated church reform.
What is Christian humanism?
A philosophy aiming to return Christianity to its early simple values.
How did northern European Renaissance writers differ from Italian Renaissance writers?
They emphasized Christian issues over classical sources.
What political book did Machiavelli write?
The Prince.
What was Castiglione’s contribution to Renaissance culture?
He wrote "The Courier," a book on proper conduct for a Renaissance man.
Who is known as the Father of Humanism?
Petrarch.
What is a city-state?
A city that forms an independent political unit.
Name three subjects taught by Renaissance humanists.
Literature, philosophy, and art (also history, grammar, speech).
How did Renaissance humanists’ worldview differ from that of the Middle Ages?
They focused more on present life and human achievements rather than just spiritual matters.
Define Renaissance humanism.
A philosophy focusing on human interests and experiences based on classical writings.
What was the goal of Renaissance education?
To make students well-rounded individuals through study of humanities.
How did the growth of trade and towns affect Renaissance learning?
It expanded the middle class, allowing more students to afford private teachers.
What event in 1453 helped spread Renaissance knowledge to Europe?
The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks.
How did the Crusades contribute to the Renaissance?
Crusaders brought back preserved documents and knowledge from Byzantines and Muslims.
What were some major causes of the Renaissance?
Crusaders bringing back documents, the fall of Constantinople, growth of trade and towns.
What period did Renaissance scholars look to for inspiration?
The classical world of ancient Greece and Rome.
What does the term "Renaissance" mean?
It means "rebirth," a period of renewed interest in classical art, literature, and learning.
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