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How has globalisation affected migration?
More movement of people across borders has led to multicultural societies.
How has globalisation affected work?
It has created new job opportunities but also insecure and low-paid work.
What role does technology play in globalisation?
It speeds up communication and creates a global culture.
What is globalisation?
The increasing interconnectedness of the world.
How do postmodernists view globalisation?
As creating more diversity and hybridity in culture.
Why do postmodernists criticise Marxism and functionalism?
Because they see society as too diverse and fragmented for one single explanation.
What is meant by ‘individualisation’?
People have more choice and freedom to shape their own lives.
What is hyperreality?
When media images shape our view of reality more than reality itself.
What does ‘pick and mix identity’ mean?
People create their own identities from a range of cultural choices.
What do postmodernists say about ‘grand narratives’?
They reject them as outdated explanations of society.
What is the main idea of postmodernism?
Society is changing rapidly and traditional theories can’t explain it fully.
Give one way that gender stereotypes may be passed on.
Primary socialisation, the media, friends, education
What is the ‘triple shift’?
When women do paid work, domestic work, and emotional work.
What is the ‘dual burden’?
When women do paid work and the majority of domestic work.
What do difference feminists argue?
Women’s experiences vary depending on class, ethnicity, and sexuality.
What do Marxist feminists believe?
Women’s oppression is linked to capitalism and their role in the family.
What do radical feminists believe in?
That patriarchy is deeply embedded and must be overturned, sometimes by separating women from men.
What do liberal feminists believe in?
Gradual change through laws and policies to promote equality.
What is patriarchy?
A social system where men hold more power than women.
What do feminists study in sociology?
Gender inequality and the patriarchy.
According to Marx, what will eventually happen to capitalism?
It will collapse and be replaced by communism.
What is the ‘superstructure’?
Institutions like education, family, and religion that support the economic base.
What is the ‘means of production’?
Resources like land, factories, and capital used to produce goods.
What is ‘false consciousness’?
When the working class are unaware of their exploitation.
Who are the proletariat?
The working class who sell their labour for wages.
Who are the bourgeoisie?
The ruling capitalist class who own the means of production.
What is the main idea of Marxism?
Society is based on conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
Why do functionalists see inequality as necessary?
It motivates people to work hard and ensures the most talented fill important roles.
What is ‘value consensus’?
Agreement on shared norms and values that bind society together.
What is the difference between primary and secondary socialisation?
Primary: early childhood, family. Secondary: later childhood, school, media, peers
What is socialisation?
The process of learning the norms and values of society.
What is meant by ‘social solidarity’?
A sense of belonging and unity in society.
Which sociologist is most associated with the ‘organic analogy’?
Émile Durkheim.
What is the main idea of functionalism?
Society works like a system where each part has a function to maintain stability.
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