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Essentially large-scale TLC​ Usually used to separate mixture components for further use rather than simple ID.​ Stationary phase often alumina or silical gel (SiO2xH2O)​. Components separated as they travel at different rates
Column chromatography
GC can be used to detect the presence and quantity of alcohol in the blood or urine samples of suspected drink-drivers. What do the letters GC stand for?
Gas chromatography. Different substances have different retention times
Which type of the chromatography?
One-way chromatography (or paper chromatography)
Look at this diagram of a chromatogram produced using one-way chromatography on a mixture of substances A and B. Calculate the Rf value of spot A.
Rf value = Distance travelled by solvent Distance travelled by spot, Rf value of spot A = 7 ÷ 8 = 0.875
State the formula used to calculate the Rf value of a substance.
Explain what is meant by the terms ‘mobile phase’ and ‘stationary phase’.
In all types of chromatography, two phases are present: a stationary phase, which does not move, and a mobile phase, which flows over the stationary phase.
In _________ _______________ the Mobile Phase is a Gas
Gas Chromatography
In_________________________________ the stationary phase is small particles of a solid packed into a column (or tube). This is often silica bonded to various hydrocarbons
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
HPLC is Done Under _________ _____________
High Pressure
In _________ chromatography a solvent such as ethanol (the mobile phase), moves over a piece of paper (the stationary phase).
paper
____ _______ help to Identify Components in a Mixture
Rf Values
Components that are ______ _________ in the mobile phase will travel further up the plate, or faster through the column. It’s these differences in solubility and retention by the stationary phase that separate out the different substances.
more soluble
The distance each substance moves up the plate depends on its _________in the mobile phase and its retention by or adsorption to the stationary phase__
solubility
The mobile phase moves ________ or over the stationary phase.
through
Chromatography is used to ______________ stuff in a mixture — once it’s separated out, you can often ___________ the components.
separate, identify
A ___________where the molecules can't move. This must be a solid, or a liquid on a solid support.
stationary phase
A ______________ where the molecules can move. This is always a liquid or a gas.
mobile phase
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