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Unit 4 Human Growth and Development
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Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance
scaffolding
According to Vygotsky: The gap between what a child is already able to do and what he or she is not yet capable of doing without help
ZPD Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotsky's term for someone who helps a child learn a new concept by working with that child in his/her zone of proximal development.
MKO More Knowledgeable Other
Belief that inanimate objects have feelings such as a stuffed animal or doll
animism
In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
egocentrism
Ability to recognize that objects can be transformed in some way, visually or phycially, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume
conservation
The knowledge that an object exists even when it's not in view.
object permanence
Changing a schema.
accommodation
Adding to a current schema to incorporate new information.
assimilation
A conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world
schema
A change in an organism's environment that causes the organism to react.
stimulus
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
classical conditioning
A stimulus that weakens a response when it is presented after the response
positive punishment
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, streng...
positive reinforcement
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
operant conditioning
Having to do with an organism's physical processes.
physiological
According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
self-actualization
Sociocultural Development Theory Children learn through social interaction with someone who knows how to help the child learn challenging information 
Lev Vygotsky
Theory of Cognitive Development-4 Stages--Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational       Formal Operational
Jean Piaget
Social Cognitive TheoryChildren learn by watching others. Conducted the Bobo doll experiment. Learning depends on attention, memory, imitation, and mo...
Albert Bandura
Behaviorist who developed the idea of operant conditioning based on system of rewards and punishment.
B. F. Skinner
Stages of Moral DevelopmentPre-Conventional Morality-guided by fearConventional Morality -guided by societyPost-Conventional Morality-guided by honor
Lawrence Kohlberg
Hierarchy of Needs:Self-ActualizationEsteemLovesSafetyPhysiological
Abraham Maslow
8 Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentTrust v. MistrustAutonomy v. ShameInitiative v. GuildIndustry v. InferiorityIdentity v. ConfusionIntimacy v. Isola...
Erik Erikson


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