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Honors Final Practice June 2022 (Topics 1-19)
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Does fermentation require glucose?
yes (glycolysis is part of fermentation)
Does fermentation require oxygen?
no
What are the two types of fermentation?
lactic acid & alcoholic
Which part of cellular respiration has oxygen as a reactant?
Electron Transport Chain / Oxidative Phosphorylation
Which part of cellular respiration has water as a product?
Electron Transport Chain / Oxidative Phosphorylation
Which part of cellular respiration has glucose as a reactant?
Glycolysis
Which part of cellular respiration has pyruvate as a product?
Glycolysis
Which part of cellular respiration has carbon dioxide as a product?
Citric Acid (Kreb's) Cycle
Location of Citric Acid (Kreb's) Cycle?
matrix of mitochondria
Which molecule receives high-energy electrons (is reduced) during glycolysis and brings them to the ETC?
NAD+ receives electrons ⇢ NADH
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
2 ATP
Which types of molecules require a channel protein to pass across the membrane by diffusion (facilitated diffusion)?
polar/charged (small as ions, large as carbohydrates/amino acids/nucleosides)
Which types of molecules can pass through the membrane directly (simple diffusion)?
small nonpolar
A protein has a several hydrophobic domains. Where will it be found relative to the cell membrane?
embedded trans-membrane domains
What is the function of glycoproteins attached to the cell membrane?
cell-to-cell communication and recognition
What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
regulate fluidity (not too solid or fluid)
Which part of the cell membrane is hydrophobic - interior or exterior?
interior
What is the function of phospholipids in the cell membrane?
create semi-permeable barrier; gives fluidity
As cells grow larger, what happens to the surface area-to-volume ratio?
it decreases
The endosymbiotic theory states that which organelles were once free-living prokaryotes?
chloroplasts and mitochondria
Name three structures that both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have.
DNA, ribosome, cell membrane, (cytoplasm)
Describe the pathway a hydrolytic protein will take through the endo-membrane system.
rough ER > (vesicle) > Golgi > (vesicle) > lysosome
Where in the cell are ribosomes made?
nucleolus
Which part of an ATP molecule contains a high energy bond?
the one holding the third phosphate onto the molecule
How does an enzyme affect a reaction's activation energy?
it reduces it
The energy required to start a chemical reaction is called the ___.
activation energy
An enzyme's active site has a very specific shape to fit its ___ perfectly.
substrate
Which type of bond stabilizes secondary protein structure?
hydrogen (between atoms of the backbone)
Which level of protein structure is determined by the order of amino acids?
primary
This is a diagram of an ester molecule being broken down with water. What type of reaction is this?
hydrolysis
Which type of biomolecule contains polymers of amino acids?
proteins / polypeptides
Which class of biomolecules are hydrophobic?
lipids
Water readily dissolves compounds that are ___.
polar / hydrophilic
A scientist wants to test how the enzyme amylase functions over a range of temperatures. What is the independent variable?
temperature
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