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  • naturally occurring solid with a definite chemical composition
    Mineral
  • _______ represents major stages in Earth’s development.
    Eon
  • The time when dinosaurs reached their greatest diversity, and the period ended with a mass extinction that marked the close of the Mesozoic Era.
    Cretaceous Period
  • The theory that suggests continents were once joined together in a single landmass and have drifted apart over time.
    Continental Drift Theory
  • The part of the water cycle where water falls back to Earth as rain, snow, or hail.
    Precipitation
  • Energy that comes from sources that can be naturally replenished in a short period of time.
    Renewable Energy
  • time when dinosaurs became the dominant land animals
    Jurassic Period
  • Babylonians and Egyptians believed Earth was the center of the universe based on how the Sun, Moon, and stars appeared to move across the sky.
    Geocentric Model
  • Energy resource that cannot be replaced easily once it is used up.
    Non Renewable Energy
  • _________ is a method used by scientists to find the actual age of a rock, fossil, or object in years.
    Absolute Dating
  • Marks the time when Earth was newly formed, extremely hot, and constantly bombarded by space debris.
    Hadean Era
  • The loose mixture of rock particles, minerals, organic matter, air, and water that supports plant life.
    Soil
  • The upward fold in rock layers that forms an arch-like shape.
    Anticline
  • The force or stress that causes rocks to stretch and pull apart.
    Tensional stress
  • The amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay.
    Half-life
  • A natural or artificial place where water is collected and stored for human use.
    Reservoir
  • The unstable atom that breaks down during radioactive decay.
    Parent isotope
  • Solid fossil fuel that is black in color and used in power plants.
    Coal
  • Marked by major changes in life forms, like mass extinctions or new dominant species.
    Era
  • The method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than others.
    Relative dating
  • The underwater mountain ranges where seafloor spreading occurs.
    Mid-ocean ridges
  • What event marks the rapid appearance and diversification of many major animal groups about 541 million years ago?
    Cambrian Explosion
  • The uppermost layer of the Earth where plants grow.
    Topsoil
  • The principle that states any geologic feature cutting across another is younger than the one it cuts through.
    Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
  • Energy that comes from living or once-living materials, such as plants and waste.
    Biomass Energy
  • The process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges where new oceanic crust forms as magma rises from below.
    Seafloor Spreading
  • The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth.
    Water Cycle
  • The narrow passage through which magma travels to reach the surface.
    Conduit
  • _________ is the study of rock layers called strata and it layering called stratifications.
    Stratigraphy
  • a massive system of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity.
    Galaxy
  • The place inside the Earth where magma collects before a volcanic eruption
    Magma chamber
  • The stable product formed after radioactive decay.
    Daughter isotope
  • It is characterized by the rise of human civilization, agriculture, and modern ecosystems.
    Holocene Epoch
  • the beginning of the Mesozoic Era, when life began to recover after a mass extinction, and the first dinosaurs and mammals evolved.
    Triassic Period
  • Which type of rock forms when molten magma cools and solidifies?
    Igneous Rock
  • A break or crack in the Earth’s crust where movement has occurred.
    Fault
  • The principle that states younger rock layers are deposited on top of older layers.
    Principle of Superposition
  • The theory that explains the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates across the mantle.
    Plate Tectonic Theory
  • Liquid fossil fuel that is refined to make gasoline and other products.
    Oil or Petroleum
  • What type of rock is formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments?
    Sedimentary Rock
  • smaller system within a galaxy. It revolves around a star.
    Solar System
  • The process that involves the formation and movement of magma beneath or within the Earth’s crust.
    Magmatism
  • The time in Earth’s history when the planet’s crust became stable, the first oceans formed, and the earliest known life forms appeared.
    Archean Era
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