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Unit 1&2 Psychology Revision

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  • What were Harlow’s findings about attachment?
    Monkeys preferred the cloth mother regardless of which provided food
    showing comfort is more crucial for attachment than nourishment.
  • Differentiate between role
    status
    Role – expected behaviour; Status – social importance; Power – capacity to influence others.
    and power.
  • Explain how stereotypes can be both helpful and unhelpful.
    They simplify information but can lead to prejudice and discrimination when inaccurate or rigid.
  • Explain why reinforcement increased aggression in Bandura’s study.
    children viewed it as acceptable and were more likely to imitate it.
    When aggression was rewarded
  • Define sprouting.
    The growth of new dendritic branches that form additional synaptic connections aiding recovery or adaptation.
  • Describe the aim of Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment.
    To investigate how observational learning and reinforcement influence the imitation of aggressive behaviour in children.
  • Explain one factor influencing conformity in Asch’s study.
    Normative influence
    where people conformed to gain approval or avoid disapproval from others.
  • What does the Ponzo illusion demonstrate?
    Depth cues can distort size perception
    making identical objects appear different in length.
  • Outline one biological
    Biological – fatigue; Psychological – personality changes; Social – relationship strain.
    and one social effect of brain injury.
    one psychological
  • Define atypical behaviour.
    Behaviour that deviates from social or cultural norms and may interfere with functioning or wellbeing.
  • Identify the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and one function of each.
    Frontal – planning; Parietal – touch; Occipital – vision; Temporal – hearing and memory.
  • Explain how Harlow’s study contributes to understanding emotional development.
    It showed that emotional security and physical comfort are vital in forming healthy attachments in infancy.
  • Compare selective and divided attention.
    Selective focuses on one stimulus; divided splits attention between multiple tasks at once.
  • Define stereotype.
    A fixed
    oversimplified belief about a group that ignores individual differences.
  • What is meant by neurodiversity?
    The idea that variations in brain function such as ASD or ADHD are normal forms of human diversity.
  • What is CTE and what causes it?
    caused by repeated concussions or head trauma over time.
    Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
  • Describe the aim of Harlow’s monkey experiment.
    To determine whether contact comfort or food was more important in forming attachment bonds in infant rhesus monkeys.
  • What was the aim of Asch’s conformity study?
    To investigate the extent to which group pressure affects individuals’ conformity to incorrect responses.
  • Identify one strategy to reduce prejudice.
    Sustained intergroup contact and cooperation on superordinate goals can reduce bias.
  • What was the aim of Milgram’s obedience experiment?
    To study how far people would obey authority figures instructing them to harm another person.
  • What effect did deindividuation have in Zimbardo’s study?
    It reduced self-awareness and accountability
    leading guards to act abusively and prisoners submissively.
  • Explain synaptogenesis.
    The formation of new synapses between neurons that enable learning and memory formation.
  • What is neuroplasticity?
    or recovery from injury.
    learning
    The brain’s ability to reorganise neural pathways through experience
  • Define attention.
    The process of selectively focusing on certain stimuli while ignoring others in the environment.
  • How did legitimacy of authority influence obedience?
    Obedience decreased when orders were given by an ordinary person rather than an authority figure.
  • What is an acquired brain injury (ABI)?
    stroke
    or substance abuse.
    Brain damage that occurs after birth due to trauma
    infection
  • What is the corpus callosum?
    A thick bundle of nerve fibres connecting the left and right hemispheres
    allowing communication between them.
  • Describe one cognitive difference in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
    Individuals with ASD often show difficulties in theory of mind and interpreting others’ emotions or intentions.
  • What is the role of the cerebral cortex?
    planning
    language
    It carries out higher-order processes such as reasoning
    and problem solving.
  • Define a social group.
    Two or more individuals who interact
    share goals
    and influence each other’s behaviour.
  • What is meant by psychological development?
    feelings
    and behaviours that occur throughout a person’s lifespan from birth to old age.
    Age-related and orderly changes in thoughts
  • Explain how motivation influences perceptual set.
    A person’s needs or desires bias how they interpret stimuli to align with their motives.
  • Explain how environment influences development.
    and life experiences.
    relationships
    Environmental factors shape how genetic potential is expressed through learning
  • Explain why recognising neurodiversity is important in psychology.
    and encourages strength-based support rather than deficit-based perspectives.
    reduces stigma
    It promotes inclusion
  • Name two binocular depth cues and explain one.
    Retinal disparity and convergence; disparity compares images from both eyes to judge distance.
  • Define rerouting.
    When an undamaged neuron forms a new connection with an active neuron to restore function after injury.
  • Identify the three domains of psychological development.
    which interact and influence one another across the lifespan.
    cognitive
    Emotional
    and social development
  • Identify one major ethical issue in Zimbardo’s study.
    as participants experienced psychological distress.
    Violation of withdrawal rights and the no-harm principle
  • What was the aim of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment?
    To investigate how status and power affect behaviour when individuals adopt social roles.
  • What did Milgram find about obedience levels?
    showing strong obedience to authority.
    Around 65% of participants administered the maximum shock
  • Describe how culture influences visual perception.
    Cultural background shapes expectations and interpretation of visual cues such as depth and size.
  • Name three monocular depth cues.
    and texture gradient.
    interposition
    Linear perspective
  • Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination.
    Prejudice is a negative attitude; discrimination is negative behaviour toward group members.
  • Explain how heredity influences development.
    Heredity provides genetic instructions that determine physical and psychological traits
    setting the biological potential for development.
  • What is the tri-component model of attitudes?
    behavioural (actions)
    and cognitive (beliefs) components.
    Attitudes consist of affective (feelings)
  • Explain synaptic pruning.
    The elimination of weak or unused synaptic connections to strengthen efficient neural pathways.
  • What is meant by the “interaction” between heredity and environment?
    Genes provide potential while the environment determines how that potential is realised in behaviour and cognition.
  • What does hemispheric specialisation mean?
    for example
    language in the left and spatial awareness in the right.
    Certain functions are dominant in one hemisphere
  • Describe one cognitive difference in people with ADHD.
    People with ADHD may have reduced attention control
    working memory
    and impulse regulation.
  • How does Piaget’s theory demonstrate that cognitive development is sequential?
    Each stage builds upon the previous one
    reflecting increased logical and abstract thinking as children mature.
  • Explain why visual perception is considered fallible.
    The brain uses assumptions and context cues that can cause misinterpretations or visual illusions.
  • What technology is being developed to study CTE in living patients?
    Neuroimaging tools such as MRI for brain volume and PET scans for tau protein tracking.
  • Define perception.
    The process by which sensory information is organised and interpreted to give it meaning.
  • What did Bandura conclude from his findings?
    especially when the observed behaviour is rewarded.
    Children learn behaviours through observation and imitation
  • Define typical behaviour.
    Behaviour that aligns with expected norms for an individual’s culture
    context
    and developmental stage.
  • Identify one early and one late symptom of CTE.
    Early – mood swings; Late – memory loss and dementia-like symptoms.
  • Explain one limitation of using social norms to define atypical behaviour.
    making this criterion subjective and unreliable.
    Norms vary between cultures and over time
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