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B1

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  • Order of magnitude
    Way to compare sizes by powers of 10.
  • Exchange surface
    A surface designed for swapping substances, like lungs or gills.
  • Light microscope
    Uses light and lenses to see cells and tissues.
  • Cytoplasm
    Jelly-like fluid where chemical reactions happen.
  • Embryo stem cell
    Can become almost any type of human cell.
  • DNA
    The chemical that stores instructions for making an organism.
  • Standard form
    A way of writing very big or small numbers using powers of 10.
  • Magnification
    How many times bigger the image is compared to the object.
  • Concentration gradient
    The difference in amounts between two areas.
  • Adult stem cell
    Can turn into some types of cells, like blood cells.
  • Nucleus
    The part of the cell that controls activities and stores DNA.
  • Specialised cell
    A cell that has features to do a specific job.
  • Replacement
    Making new cells to take the place of old ones.
  • Specialised cell
    A cell with structures that help it do a task.
  • Ethics
    Questions about whether something is right or wrong.
  • Vacuole
    A space in plant cells filled with sap to keep the cell firm.
  • Chloroplasts
    Structures in plants that do photosynthesis.
  • Chromosome
    A thread of DNA found in the nucleus carrying genes.
  • Clone
    An exact copy of a cell or organism.
  • DNA loop
    The main piece of DNA in a bacterial cell.
  • Mineral ions
    Nutrients plants absorb from soil, like nitrate.
  • Respiration
    The process that releases energy from glucose in cells.
  • Mitosis
    When a cell divides into two identical cells for growth or repair.
  • Sperm cell
    Carries the father’s DNA to the egg; has a tail to swim.
  • Nerve cell
    Carries electrical signals around the body.
  • Mitochondria
    Where respiration happens and energy is released.
  • Cell cycle
    The stages a cell goes through as it grows and divides.
  • Plasmid
    Small extra rings of DNA found in bacteria.
  • Nucleus
    Controls what the cell does and contains DNA.
  • Dilute solution
    A mixture with more water and less solute.
  • Active transport
    The movement of substances from low to high concentration using energy.
  • Concentrated solution
    A mixture with less water and more solute.
  • Eukaryote
    A cell with a nucleus where the DNA is stored.
  • Meristem
    Stem cells in plants that make new tissues.
  • Cell wall
    Tough layer in plant cells that gives strength and shape.
  • Cytoplasm
    The cell fluid that divides when the cell splits.
  • DNA replication
    Copying DNA before the cell splits.
  • Pairs
    Chromosomes usually come in matching sets in body cells.
  • Root hair cells
    Plant cells with a long shape that take in water and minerals.
  • Surface area
    The amount of space available for substances to move across.
  • Electron microscope
    Uses beams of electrons to see very small details inside cells.
  • Xylem
    Hollow tubes in plants that carry water and minerals.
  • Chromosomes
    Structures made of DNA that get copied and shared in mitosis.
  • Cellulose
    Substance that makes up plant cell walls.
  • Differentiation
    When a cell changes to become specialised for a job.
  • Ribosomes
    Tiny structures that make proteins.
  • Phloem
    Tubes in plants that transport food like sugars.
  • Stem cell
    A cell that has not decided its role yet and can turn into other cells.
  • Cell wall
    Strong outer layer that supports and protects the cell.
  • Urea
    A waste substance made by the body and removed in urine.
  • Diffusion
    When particles spread out from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
  • Cell membrane
    Thin layer that controls what goes in and out of the cell.
  • Resolution
    How clear an image is; how well you can see details.
  • Muscle cell
    Contracts to make parts of the body move.
  • Root hair cell
    Plant cell with a long shape to take in water and minerals.
  • Light microscope
    Tool that uses light to look at cells.
  • Glucose
    A sugar that provides energy for cells.
  • Partially permeable membrane
    A barrier that only lets some particles through, like water.
  • Gas exchange
    Swapping oxygen and carbon dioxide in breathing.
  • Prokaryote
    A smaller cell without a nucleus; DNA is free in the cytoplasm.
  • Standard form
    A method of writing very big or small numbers neatly.
  • Osmosis
    The movement of water through a membrane from dilute to concentrated solution.
  • Magnification
    How much larger the image is than the real object.
  • Therapeutic cloning
    Making an embryo with the same DNA as a patient to grow new cells.
  • Repair
    Fixing damaged parts of the body using new cells.
  • Concentration gradient
    The difference in how many particles are in two areas.
  • Gene
    A section of DNA that controls a characteristic or makes a protein.
  • Percentage change
    A way to measure how much something has increased or decreased.
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