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Chp 2 WS

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  • What was the Black Death and how did it spread?
    A bubonic plague that killed millions, likely originating in China and spreading to Europe via trade routes.
  • Who took political control of Europe after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire?
    The Roman Catholic Church.
  • How did feudalism meet needs for support and protection?
    By exchanging land called “fiefs” for military service and creating a system where nobles and peasants had mutual obligations.
  • What was the Hundred Years’ War?
    A series of battles from 1337 to 1453 between England and France over English land in France.
  • What reforms did the Magna Carta propose?
    Trial by peers, no excessive taxes without consent, and a council to verify the charter was followed.
  • What were the effects of the Great Famine?
    Starvation, disease, abandonment of children, cannibalism, and death of 10-25% of the population.
  • What actions did bishops of Rome take to strengthen the Roman Catholic Church?
    Engaged in political negotiations, claimed authority over all Christians, and tried to control political leaders.
  • What is Parliament?
    A group of advisors to the English king, eventually divided into the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
  • Who was Charles Martel and what did he do?
    Charles Martel, son of Pepin II, expanded the Frankish kingdom and defeated many tribes including the Lombards and Saxons.
  • What conditions weakened feudalism in Europe?
    Growth of towns, improved farming methods, growth of trade, and granting of town charters.
  • What new techniques did medieval artists and musicians use?
    Art used symbolic objects
    architecture developed Romanesque rounded vaults and Gothic flying buttresses
    music included Gregorian chants, polyphony, and written notation.
  • What was the Holy Roman Empire?
    An alliance of German and Italian states crowned by the pope, but Germany and Italy remained politically fragmented until the 1800s.
  • What is a manor?
    A nobleman’s self-supporting estate in a feudal society.
  • How did the Black Death affect people’s view of the Church?
    The Church lost much authority as it seemed powerless, and some believed the plague was punishment from God.
  • How were France and England different after the Hundred Years’ War?
    They were permanently separated kingdoms and feudalism was replaced by modern nation-states.
  • Who was Joan of Arc and what was her role?
    A French peasant girl who led the French to victory during the Hundred Years’ War.
  • Why did the Catholic Church have less political power in the later Middle Ages?
    Due to weak popes and frustration over church abuses.
  • What were the causes of the Great Famine of 1315?
    Heavy rainfall in 1314 and cool weather in 1315 caused crops to rot and food scarcity.
  • How did Henry II strengthen royal authority in England?
    By using royal circuit courts and developing common law that applied uniformly across England.
  • What was medieval chivalry?
    A strict code requiring knights to act with honor, generosity, and religious devotion.
  • Why did England and France develop stronger central governments than other parts of Europe?
    England had unifying government institutions and France had royal administrators and a secure dynasty.
  • Why did central power decline after Charlemagne’s death?
    His empire was divided among his sons, causing lack of strong leadership.
  • What is a pope?
    The bishop of Rome, who became an especially powerful member of medieval society.
  • Why did people move to towns around 1100 to 1500?
    Due to improved farming methods leading to population growth and the growth of trade at intersections of trade routes.
  • What happened to Europe after Charlemagne’s death?
    Europe was divided among his sons, leading to a decline in central power.
  • What was the Merovingian royal line?
    The royal line formed by the sons of Clovis who divided his kingdom.
  • Who was Clovis and why was he important?
    Clovis was a Frankish king who embraced Catholic Christianity and received the support of church leaders in Rome.
  • What were the Peace of God and Truce of God?
    Church decrees making church property off-limits for fighting and restricting fighting to certain days.
  • Why did the nobles rebel against King John?
    They resented the financial burden he placed on them and his refusal to acknowledge their legitimate rights.
  • What were the symptoms and consequences of the Black Death?
    Buboes, fever, vomiting, bleeding under the skin, nervous system attacks, and death of 30-50% of Europeans within days.
  • Why is Charlemagne significant?
    Charlemagne was titled "Charles the Great," extended influence over Europe, supported education, and was proclaimed Roman emperor by the pope in 800.
  • Why might it have been good or bad for common people to have disputes settled by their lord?
    It was good because the lord knew them and could provide quick justice, but bad because there was no possibility of appeal.
  • What rights and responsibilities did vassals and peasants have?
    Vassals had rights and responsibilities, but peasants generally did not.
  • How did universities affect medieval Europe?
    They increased literacy, advanced scientific discovery, trained professionals, and spread knowledge.
  • What contributions did Jewish communities make to medieval Europe?
    Contributions in trade, moneylending, medicine, philosophy, and literature despite facing persecution.
  • How did the Magna Carta influence modern democratic governments?
    It established principles of rule by law, limited government, and guarantees of individual rights.
  • What was the Magna Carta?
    A document signed by King John that assured rights for the nobility and limited royal power.
  • How did medieval lords affect peasants’ lives?
    They provided land and protection but could demand unreasonable services and make unjust court decisions.
  • How did the Hundred Years’ War shape France and England?
    It permanently separated the kingdoms and marked the decline of feudalism towards modern nation-states.
  • What is a charter?
    A legal document given by the king that listed privileges of the town’s people and freed them from most feudal duties.
  • Why did the Roman Catholic Church grow in importance after the Western Roman Empire collapsed?
    Church officials stepped in to fill the void as political authority declined, and bishops of Rome received the title of pope.
  • How did Germanic tribes replace Rome as the dominant influence in Europe?
    They migrated onto Roman land and increased in power as the Western Roman Empire weakened.
  • What modern political and legal practices originated in medieval Europe?
    Representative bodies, circuit courts, juries, and common law.
  • How did Charlemagne contribute to political and intellectual development?
    Increased central authority, maintained peace, and supported learning by encouraging monasteries as knowledge centers.
  • What is common law?
    Uniform laws set up by Henry II that applied to all of England and overruled differing local laws.
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