(interaktywny) an ...................... computer program, television system, etc., allows you to communicate directly with it, and does things in reaction to your actions
interactive adj ˌɪntərˈæktɪv interactive computer systems
(mamut) an animal like a large hairy elephant that lived on Earth thousands of years ago
mammoth noun ˈmæməθ The mammoth had a shaggy coat to protect it against the extreme cold.
(uparcie) determined not to change your mind, even when people think you are being unreasonable
stubbornly adv ˈstʌb ənli ‘I don’t care,’ she said stubbornly.
(wieczna zmarzlina) a layer of soil that is always frozen in countries where it is very cold
permafrost noun ˈpɜːməfrɒst Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost.
(nudziarstwo, nuda) something that is not interesting to you or that annoys you
bore noun bɔː Waiting for the bus is a bore.
(mikrofilm) a sheet of microfilm which can only be read using a special machine, especially in a library
microfiche noun ˈmaɪkrəʊfiːʃ Details of all members are now available on microfiche.
(przechwalanie się) excessively proud and boastful talk about one's achievements or possessions
bragging noun ˈbraɡɪŋ Her endless bragging about her house in Spain was really annoying.
(innowacyjny, nowatorski) an ................... idea or way of doing something is new, different, and better than those that existed before
innovative adj ˈɪnəvətɪv an innovative approach to language teaching
(napędzany przez) something that is motivated or determined by a specified factor or feeling
driven adj ˈdrɪvən a market-driven response to customer needs
(prehistoryczny) relating to the time in history before anything was written down
(jakie można sobie wyobrazić) used to emphasise that something is the best, worst, etc., that can be ............
imaginable adj ɪˈmædʒənəbəl This travel brochure is full of the most wonderful resorts imaginable.
(dezerterowanie) when someone leaves the army, navy, etc., without permission
deserting adj dɪˈzɜːtɪŋ several hundred deserting soldiers
(lipa, oszustwo, przekręt) someone or something that is not what they are claimed to be – used to show disapproval
sham noun ʃæm The elections were a complete sham.
(ogromny, olbrzymi, wielki) extremely large
immense adj ɪˈmens People who travel by rail still read an immense amount.
(kruszyć, miażdżyć) to press something so hard that it breaks or is damaged
crush verb krʌʃ Joe crushed his cigarette into an ashtray.
(poszukiwacz złota) people who dig for gold
gold digger noun ɡəʊld ˈdɪɡə nineteenth century wealth that derived from gold digging
(przypomnieć sobie coś) to remember a particular fact, event, or situation from the past
recall verb rɪˈkɔːl You don’t happen to recall his name, do you?
(przodek) someone who was a member of your family a long time in the past
forebear noun ˈfɔːbeə I discovered recently that my forebears all came from Scandinavia.
(pochłąnianie, wchłanianie) a process in which something takes in liquid, gas, or heat
absorption noun əbˈsɔːpʃən, -ˈzɔːp- the body’s absorption of iron
(sceptycyzm) an attitude of doubting that particular claims or statements are true or that something will happen
scepticism noun ˈskeptəsɪzəm, ˈskeptɪsɪzəm Public scepticism had to be overcome before the system could function effectively', he said.
(kieł / cios słonia) one of a pair of very long pointed teeth, that stick out of the mouth of animals such as elephants
tusk noun tʌsk a ban on trading elephant tusks
(usiłować, starać się) to make a great effort to achieve something
strive verb straɪv I was still striving to be successful.
(dziedzictwo, spuścizna) the traditional beliefs, values, customs, etc., of a family, country, or society
heritage noun ˈherətɪdʒ, ˈherɪtɪdʒ the importance of preserving the national heritage
(hossa) a quick increase of business activity
boom noun buːm The boom has created job opportunities.
(opowiadać szczegółowo, relacjonować) to tell someone a story or describe a series of events
recount verb rɪˈkaʊnt Alan recounted how he and Joyce had met.
(sponsor) a person or company that pays for a show, broadcast, sports event, etc., especially in exchange for the right to advertise at that event
sponsor noun ˈspɒnsə Numerous prizes, donated by sponsors, were given out at the end of the day.
(odwodniony) to remove the liquid from a substance such as food or a chemical
dehydrated adj ˌdiːhaɪˈdreɪt Many old people were dehydrated during this extremely hot weather.
(nielogiczny, bezsensowny) not sensible or reasonable
illogical adj ɪˈlɒdʒɪkəl illogical and unreasonable fear
(niewiele, prawie wcale nie) almost not or almost none at all
scarcely adv ˈskeəsli The city had scarcely changed in 20 years.
(rodowy) relating or belonging to someone's ancestors
ancestral adj ænˈsestrəl the family’s ancestral home
(kolejny, następujący po sobie) .......................... numbers or periods of time follow one after the other without any interruptions
consecutive adj kənˈsekjətɪv, kənˈsekjʊtɪv It had rained for four consecutive days.
(gwałtownie, raptownie) suddenly and unexpectedly
abruptly adv ə ˈbrʌptli She stopped abruptly and looked at him.
(szlachetny, wspaniałomyślny) having very high moral standards or principles
high-minded adj ˌhaɪ ˈmaɪnd ɪd a high-minded sermon on charity
(uznawać za winnego) to prove or officially announce that someone is guilty of a crime after a trial in a law court
convict verb kənˈvɪkt She was convicted of shoplifting.
(DNA) deoxyribonucleic acid: a substance that carries genetic information in the cells of the body
DNA noun ˌdiː en ˈeɪ A DNA test showed that he was not the baby's father.
(szyty na miarę) exactly right or suitable for someone or something
tailor-made adj ˌteɪl ə ˈmeɪd The job’s tailor-made for you.
(epoka kamienia) a very early time in human history, when only stone was used for making tools, weapons, etc.
Stone Age noun stəʊn eɪdʒ Stone Age weapons
(zmienny) likely to change, or changing often
changeable adj ˈtʃeɪndʒəbəl changeable weather
(redefiniować) define again or differently
redefine verb ˌriː di ˈfaɪn The role of the President was redefined after the election.
(rozwodzić się nad czymś) to think or talk for too long about something that happened, especially something unpleasant
dwell on phrasal verb dwel ɒn dwell on the past
(skrupuł, wahanie) a belief about what is right and wrong that prevents you from doing bad things
scruple noun ˈskruːpəl He had no scruples about selling faulty goods to people.
(dialekt) a form of a language which is spoken only in one area, with words or grammar that are slightly different from other forms of the same language
dialect noun ˈdaɪəlekt The people there speak a Tibetan dialect.
(duchowny) a male member of the clergy
clergyman noun ˈklɜːdʒimən As a clergyman I find this very hard to believe.
(komplikacja, problem, niepowodzenie) a problem that delays or prevents progress, or makes things worse than they were
setback noun ˈsetbæk The December elections were a major setback for the party.
(odrodzony, nawrócony) newly converted to and very enthusiastic about an idea or cause
(konfrontacja, starcie) a situation in which there is a lot of angry disagreement between two people or groups
confrontation noun ˌkɒnfrənˈteɪʃən She had stayed in her room to avoid another confrontation.
(zacny, godny) deserving respect from people
worthy adj ˈwɜːði a worthy opponent
(uniesienie, zachwyt, upojenie) great excitement and happiness
rapture noun ˈræptʃə The boys gazed up at him in rapture.
(nieodwracalny) irreversible damage, change, etc., is so serious or so great that you cannot change something back to how it was before
irreversible adj ˌɪrɪˈvɜːsəbəl Fossil fuels have caused irreversible damage to the environment.
(poszukiwanie, dążenie) a long search for something that is difficult to find
quest noun kwest his long quest for truth
(psycho-bełkot) language that sounds scientific but is not really, that some people use when talking about their emotional problems – used in order to show disapproval
psychobabble noun ˈsaɪkəʊˌbæbəl The journalist described the report as psychobabble.
(the plural form of 'ox') large cows or bulls
oxen noun ˈɒks ən During the last century, oxen were used on the farm to pull the heavy carts.
(itd) used to refer to other things of the type you have already mentioned, without actually naming them
so forth phrase səʊ fɔːθ She started telling me about her bad back, her migraines, and so forth.
(niepokojący) making you feel nervous or worried
unsettling adj ʌnˈsetlɪŋ an unsettling experience
(migracja, wędrówka) when large numbers of people go to live in another area or country, especially in order to find work
migration noun maɪˈɡreɪʃən a net increase in migration
(prace wykopaliskowe) if a scientist or archaeologist ........ an area of land, they dig carefully to find ancient objects, bones, etc.
excavation noun ˌekskəˈveɪʃən The excavation near Cairo went on for several months.
(autentyczność) the quality of being real or true
authenticity noun ˌɔːθenˈtɪsəti, ˌɔːθenˈtɪsɪti Archaeological evidence may help to establish the authenticity of the statue.
(zmniejszyć się, obniżyć poziom) to become less or go down to a lower level, or to make something do this
decrease verb dɪˈkriːs The number of people who have the disease has decreased significantly in recent years.
(tożsamość etniczna) the fact that someone belongs to a particular race of people
ethnicity noun eθ ˈnɪs ət i the interrelationship between gender, ethnicity, and class
(przodek) a member of your family who lived a long time ago
ancestor noun ˈæntsestə My ancestors were French.
(dostępny, osiągalny) a place, building, or object that is ............. is easy to reach or get into
accessible adj əkˈsesəbəl, əkˈsesɪbəl The island is only accessible by boat.
(niszczący) badly damaging or destroying something
devastating adj ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ Acid rain has a devastating effect on the forest.
(wymarcie, wyginięcie) when a particular type of animal or plant stops existing
extinction noun ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən species in danger of extinction
(spis ludności) an official process of counting a country’s population and finding out about the people
census noun ˈsensəs a traffic census
(bagno) an area of low flat ground that is always wet and soft
marsh noun mɑːʃ The saltwater marsh is an important habitat for several species of birds.
(karnawał) a public event at which people play music, wear special clothes, and dance in the streets
carnival noun ˈkɑːnəvəl, ˈkɑːnɪvəl preparations for this year’s carnival
(złudzenie) an idea or opinion that is wrong, especially about yourself
illusion noun ɪˈluːʒən They suffer from the illusion that they cannot solve their problems.
(priorytet) the thing that you think is most important and that needs attention before anything else
priority noun praɪˈɒrəti, praɪˈɒrɪti The club’s priority is to win the League.
(moczary) land that is always very wet or covered with a layer of water
swamp noun swɒmp the soft, swampy ground
(wnioskować, dedukować) to form an opinion that something is probably true because of information that you have
infer verb ɪnˈfɜː A lot can be inferred from these statistics.
(genealogia) the study of the history of families
genealogy noun ˌdʒiːniˈælədʒi a useful source of information on their genealogy
(zdumiewający wielkością) extremely great or surprising
staggering adj ˈstæɡərɪŋ The cost was a staggering $10 million.
(zobowiązany) to be forced to do something
obliged adj əˈblaɪdʒd We were obliged to accept the lowest offer.
(rządzić, mieć kontrolę) to start to control a situation more strictly
rein in verb reɪn ɪn The government is reining in public expenditure.
(przenikliwie, gorzko) in a way that produces or shows feelings of great sadness or anger
bitterly adv ˈbɪtəli He complained bitterly about his exam grades.
(epoka lodowcowa) one of the long periods of time, thousands of years ago, when ice covered many northern countries
Ice Age noun aɪs eɪdʒ During the Ice Age, it was wetter and full of deep lakes.
(ślęczeć nad czymś) to read or look at something very carefully for a long time
pore over phrasal verb pɔː ˈəʊvə She was poring over a book.
(wyczekiwać) to wait for something
await verb əˈweɪt Several men are awaiting trial for robbery.
(zoolog) a scientist who studies animals and their behaviour
zoologist noun zuːˈɒlədʒəst, zuːˈɒlədʒɪst I have always been interested in animals and knew from an early age that I wanted to be a zoologist.
(pretekst, symulowanie, udawanie) a way of behaving which is intended to make people believe something that is not true
pretence noun prɪˈtens the pretence that the old system could be made to work
(trwały, niezmienny, ciągły) continuing to exist or happen, especially for longer than is usual or desirable
persistent adj pəˈsɪstənt persistent rumours
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