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The Cell Cycle Review

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  • How are cancer cells different from normal cells?
    They do not follow the rules for the cell cycle and divide out of control.
  • What process do prokaryotes use to copy their cells?
    binary fission
  • What is the physical motion used to help remember chromatid (sister chromatids)?
    Answers may vary.
  • When a cell divides, what happens to its surface area to volume ratio?
    It gets more spread out.
  • What are the phases of mitosis in order in which they occur?
    Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/Cytokinesis
  • What are the internal factors (proteins) called that help regulate the cell cycle?
    cyclins
  • What is the mitotic spindle?
    Microtubule fibers that move DNA by attaching to chromosomes to separate chromatids into respective nuclei
  • What is chromatin?
    spread out DNA found in non-dividing cells
  • What is M phase of the cell cycle and what occurs during this phase?
    mitosis and cytokinesis- division of the nucleus and cytoplasm
  • What happens during cytokinesis in plants?
    A cell plate grows in the middle of the nuclei to separate the cytoplasm and form two identical cells
  • What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
    Interphase
  • What is differentiation?
    When a cell is given a specific structure so it can carry out a specialized job.
  • What happens to the exchange of nutrients and wastes when the cell grows too large?
    The rate of exchange decreases, potentially causing issues for the cell not getting what it needs to survive and function properly.
  • What are centrioles?
    Microtubule bundles found animal cells that help organize the spindle during mitosis
  • How it mitosis different from cytokinesis?
    Mitosis is the division of the nucleus and cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.
  • What is a chromatid (sister chromatids)?
    Identical arms of a chromosome.
  • What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?
    The membrane pinches in (forming a cleavage furrow) and separates the cytoplasm, resulting in two identical cells
  • What is a surface area to volume ratio?
    comparison between surface area and volume of a cell
  • What is the physical motion used to help remember centriole?
    Answers may vary.
  • Why do cells divide? (4 reasons for mitosis)
    repair, reproduction, growth, regeneration
  • What happens when a cell grows too large?
    It divides.
  • What happens during telophase?
    two nuclei appear, chromosomes relax to chromatin, spindle fibers and centrioles disappear
  • How is sexual reproduction different than asexual reproduction?
    Sexual reproduction requires the combination of two genetically different parents and results in the production of genetically unique offspring.
  • What is the volume of a cell?
    The space inside the cell--cytoplasm/organelles
  • Why do chromosomes have an X shape?
    DNA has already been replicated before it condenses, so the arms of the X are the identical copies.
  • What is the physical motion used to help remember centromere?
    Answers may vary.
  • What is the physical motion used to help remember chromosome?
    Answers may vary.
  • What is the cell cycle?
    The process cells go through that may lead to division.
  • Tobacco is an example of a carcinogen. Provide two additional examples.
    Answers may vary.
  • What happens during prophase?
    nuclear envelope disappears, chromatin condenses to chromosomes, centrioles and spindle appear
  • What are the stages of interphase (in order in which they occur) and what happens during each phase?
    G1- Growth and organelle reproduction, S- DNA is copied, G2- Growth and preparations for division
  • Chemotherapy drugs often cause people to lose their hair, explain why this happens?
    Chemotherapy drugs damage all cells that are quick-dividing, not just the cancer cells that divide out of control.
  • What happens during metaphase?
    chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
  • What type of reproduction is mitosis/cytokinesis?
    asexual reproduction
  • What is DNA overload cells experience when they grow too large?
    The DNA has trouble managing the cell.
  • What happens during anaphase?
    spindle fibers pull apart sister chromatids and move them to opposite ends of the cell
  • What is the surface area of a cell?
    The area covering the cell--cell membrane.
  • What are stem cells?
    Cells that have not be given a job.
  • Which types of cells use the cell cycle and mitosis to reproduce?
    eukaryotic cells
  • What is the physical motion used to help remember mitotic spindle?
    Answers may vary.
  • What is a gene?
    section of DNA
  • Why doesn't a prokaryotic cell undergo mitosis?
    Prokaryotes don't have a nucleus, and copying their circular chromosome does not need to be as coordinated/specialized.
  • What is a centromere?
    The center of a chromosome where sister chromatids are held together.
  • What is a carcinogen?
    a factor that causes cancer
  • What is the cell theory?
    Cells are the basic unit of life; Cells come from other cells; All living things are made of cells.
  • TRUE or FALSE: Sister chromatids each have unique gene patterns. EXPLAIN.
    False: Sister chromatids are copies of the same DNA and will share the same patterns as one another.
  • What is a chromosome?
    DNA condensed around proteins, found in dividing cells.
  • TRUE or FALSE: Chromosomes are made of DNA only.
    False: Chromosomes are made of DNA that is coiled around protein molecules.
  • What is the physical motion used to help remember chromatin?
    Answers may vary.
  • Why would dividing cells struggle if their DNA is in the form of chromatin?
    It would be hard to accurately separate the copied DNA
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