When an offender serves a sentence in the community rather than in prison; they have to pay back the community by doing jobs
What is the manifest content of a dream?
The story of what happens in the dream
Name a behaviour that the aggressive role model exhibited toward the Bobo doll
punched the doll on the nose, tossed and kicked the doll, and used a mallet to strike it
Define exogenous
External cues in the environment that affect our biological clock.
What are demand characteristics?
participants form an interpretation of the experiment's purpose and unconsciously change their behaviour accordingly
What research method was used by Siffre, and why could this be a weakness?
"A case study is unique and it is hard to generalise findings, as Siffre generalised to an astronaut’s situation. "
What are ultradian rhythms?
"Rhythms that occur in a period of less than 24 hours, such as a sleep cycle. E.g heart rate "
Which crime does social learning theory fail to explain?
Murder – as it is rarely witnessed in real life.
What was Little Hans afraid of?
"Horses. "
What happens in a debrief?
Debriefing involves telling it all after the investigation is complete
Which personality scores are most often associated with criminal behaviour?
People with high PEN scores.
What is counterbalancing?
Important control when using repeated measures as it reduces ‘carry over’ effects. Half PPs do condition A then B, Other half do condition B then A
What were the weaknesses of Siffre’s key study?
"Lights came on when Siffre woke up and went off when he went to sleep and would affect his internal body clock, acting as cues. Czeisler et al. (1999) used 24
"difficulty with falling asleep • waking up a lot during the night frequently lying awake during the night, not feeling refreshed on waking, finding it hard to
What was the procedure of Siffre’s key study?
"Went into cave in Texas USA for 6 months, No daylight, clocks or calendar He undertook experiments while in the cave, took part in daily tests, Kept a diary "
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through consequences and reinforcement
What is protection of participants?
Safeguarding participants against physical and psychological harm
What is neuroticism?
This refers to the nervous disposition of someone.
What were the results of Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) key study?
"Male and female children exposed to the aggressive role model exhibited more aggressive behaviour, both physical and verbal. Boys more influenced by same sex
What is ecological validity?
Is the measure like a real life/natural situation?
Define endogenous
Internal cues – our biological clock
How many years did Charlton wait before retesting the children after TV was introduced?
5
What data suggests prison is not an effective punishment?
Recidivism rates in the UK show that within the first year of release, around 25 per cent of people reoffend.
Define recidivism
The rate of reoffending
What is informed consent?
Participants have given consent to the full and true aims of the research. They know what will be done with the research
What are the weaknesses of the activation synthesis theory of dreaming?
"Animal studies are no generalisable to humans, Dreams do seem to have meaning – so can’t just be random,Model is still being amended, was changed again in 1999
What is movement inhibition?
In REM sleep, when movement is prevented.
Define rehabilitative
A programme designed to help offenders rather than punish them.
What is positive punishment?
Receiving a negative consequence for an undesirable behaviour.
What is validity?
whether a study measures what it is supposed to measure
What happens in REM sleep?
Rapid eye movement. Dreaming. Info from the senses is blocked. Movement inhibition. Heart rate and blood pressure rise.
How many participants in Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) key study?
The avoidance of something unpleasant to encourage desirable behaviour
What is anger management?
Cognitive behavioural treatment for violent offenders to help them control their anger.
What is the latent content of a dream?
"The deeper meaning behind the dream (what it is actually about) "
Define ‘psychoticism’
"This is a personality trait that shows a lack of empathy towards others. "
What are the strengths of the activation synthesis theory of dreaming?
"Evidence to support comes from lab experiments on people who are asleep or cats, Animal studies protect humans being studied so are ethical "
How can narcolepsy be explained?
"A lack of hypocretin in the brain, Genetic influences (variations in chromosome 6), Stress or trauma, Evolution "
What was the IV and DV in Charlton et al (2000) key study?
"Independent variable – the introduction of television. The dependent variable was the behaviour of the children before and after television was introduced. "
What is a primary reinforcer?
These satisfy a basic biological need
How long does a cycle of sleep lasts?
90 minutes
What was the results of Charlton et al (2000) study?
No change in antisocial behaviour
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Learning through the behaviour of others. If we see someone else get rewarded for something we are more likely to copy that behaviour
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association
What are zeitgebers?
Zeitgebers, meaning ‘time givers’, are environmental or external cues that regulate the body’s circadian rhythms.
What’s an independent measures design?
This involves splitting the participants in to groups and testing each group separately on one condition
How can insomnia be explained?
Caused by lifestyle (flying), health problems, medication, caffeine, antidepressants, alcohol or smoking
What is meant by scientific integrity?
psychologists are duty bound to conduct well designed research and not claim any misleading findings
What is a secondary reinforcer?
Something we can trade for a primary reinforcer such as a token.
What are the results of Freud’s study of Little Hans?
"Hans was in the Oedipus complex and the horse represented his father. He was afraid his dad was angry with him for wanting his mother. "
What does a high ‘E’ score mean on the EPQ?
Extrovert
What is the SCN? (Internal factor that influences sleep)
The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), found in the middle of the brain, control circadian rhythms. The SCN is set by external triggers such as sunlight and other cl
State a weakness of using anger management to treat criminality
Rice (1997) suggests psychopaths are more likely to reoffend after anger management
What is activation synthesis theory of dreaming?
"Dreams are random and are due to random firing of neurons while we sleep. Our brain then ‘synthesises’ these random thoughts into a story. "
State research that supports the biological explanation for criminality
Farrington et al. (1982)found that there was a relationship between high P and N scores and criminal behaviour, but not E scores
What is insomnia?
"Problems with sleeping at night that cause difficulties during the day. It can affect around 1/3 people and is often found in older people. "
What is quantitative data?
numerical data
What is the right to withdraw?
Participants have clear guidance on how to withdraw themselves and their data if they no longer wish to participate
What are the 3 experimental designs?
Repeated measures, matched pairs and independent measures
What is narcolepsy?
inability to control sleeping and waking, so experiencing involuntary daytime sleeping.
What is primary data?
data the researcher has gathered for a specific piece of research – original research.
State a strength of restorative justice as a punishment
•High victim satisfaction rate = 85%
How many stages of sleep are there?
4 plus REM.
Explain how a punishment of a prison sentence could be seen as a positive reinforcement
People may commit a crime in order to be put into prison because they find stability, routine and friendship there
What are circadian rhythms?
Human body rhythms that have a daily (24-hour) cycle, such as the sleep–wake cycle.
How do twin studies explain crime?
Karl Christiansen (1977) found that 35 per cent of identical male twins recorded in Denmark were both criminals compared to 13 per cent of non-identical male tw
What do animal studies show about sleep?
It is needed for survival, rats can die after 3 weeks if deprived of all sleep.
What study supports that melatonin influences sleep?
Li-You Chen et al (2015) confirm that the pineal hormone melatonin is important for controlling sleep. The study, using rats, found that early sleep deprivation
State a strength of using token economy to treat criminality
Holt (1976) found it increased prosocial behaviour
State a strength of operant conditioning as an explanation of crime
led to the development of programmes such as token economy
What is restorative justice?
When a victim and offender meet
What were the results of Siffre’s key study?
"Became depressed, lonely and upset, Had worse eyesight and psych problems, Short term memory was affected, Sleep-wake cycle ranged from 18-52 hrs "
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