When the corpus callosum is cut causing the hemispheres to work in isolation of each other
Define ‘nurture’
environmental factors
How does information transfer from the STM to the LTM?
Through rehearsal
I&D when did Phineas Gage have his accident?
1848
What is the medulla oblongata?
It controls involuntary responses
Define ‘egocentrism’
unable to see the world from any other viewpoint but one’s own.
What happens in the pre-operational stage of development?
"There are two stages within the pre-operational stage, the symbolic function stage (symbolic play, egocentrism and animism) and the intuitive thought stage (ce
What is normative social influence?
"compliance because of the need to fit into a group. "
Define ‘centration’
focusing on one feature of a situation and ignoring other relevant features.
What is a ‘social issue’?
A social problem or conflict that affects a community of people.
How can drugs be used to treat addiction?
"Reduce cravings: medication can control withdrawal symptoms "
What happens in the formal operational stage of development?
"Can think of more than 2 things at once. Understand how time changes Understand consequences "
What were the results of Haney, Banks and Zimbardo (1973)?
"Guards became aggressive, prisoners were punished and verbally assaulted Many prisoners displayed depression and anxiety "
What were the main conclusions of Sperry’s key study?
"Left hemisphere is better at naming items as we have language centres here. Right hemisphere is better at identifying objects, reading words, processing emotio
What were the results of Peterson and Peterson’s study?
When asked to count backwards after 3 seconds they remembered over 80% of trigrams but after 18 seconds there was only 10% correct recall.
What is the corpus collosum?
A thick bundle of nerve fibres connecting the two hemispheres of the brain
What are the 2 types of praise that a parent can give a child?
"Person praise and Process praise "
What are the 3 main symptoms of Unipolar depression?
"lowering of mood, lack of energy, lack of motivation "
What is the right hemisphere responsible for?
Spatial awareness. Creativity, facial recognition, musical ability and processing music we hear. Makes sense of visual information.
How can we prevent blind obedience to authority figures?
Education – Education about the dangers of blind obedience
What’s the ABC model of depression as proposed by Albert Ellis?
"Activating event, Beliefs, Consequences "
What happens to the foetus’ brain at 3-4 weeks?
A long tube splits into 3 sections: the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
What is prosopagnosia?
Face-blindness – an inability to recognise faces
What happens in the concrete operational stage of development?
"Begin to apply rules Seriation (sort objects in size order), Reversibility, Decentration "
How does the STM forget?
Through displacement or decay
What 4 things does Bartlett say schemas do to memory?
Omissions, Transformations, Familiarisations and Rationalisation.
What is the role of the ‘Occipital lobe’?
Ability to see. Process visual images from the eyes. (Think opticians)
What is Anterograde amnesia?
The inability to store any new long term memories. They have an intact STM
Define deindividuation
"losing our own personal identity when we are part of a crowd or group. "
What is the genetic explanation of addiction?
DRD2 gene linked to developing addiction
What are Piaget’s 4 stages of development?
Sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational
State a sex difference in brain lateralisation
•Females have a thicker corpus callosum (use both hemispheres)
How does depression effect individuals?
"Increasing risk of suicide. 10-15% of patients with severe depression will commit suicide "
How does CBT treat depression?
If a person changes the way they think, their behaviour should also change
What is lateralisation of function?
This means each hemisphere of the brain does a different job. E.g. left side is language and right is spatial awareness.
How many participants were there in Peterson and Peterson’s study?
24
What is Kohlberg’s ‘pre-conventional morality’?
Stages 1 and 2: the child believes rules cannot be changed. It is the consequence of the action – whether there is punishment or reward
How can personality affect obedience?
Authoritarian personality.
What were the results of Piliavin?
"62/65 helped when victim had a cane 19/38 were helped when drunk "
What is the role of the ‘Temporal lobe’?
Hearing and understanding sounds. Understanding and creating speech. Areas in the temporal lobe linked to memory functions
Name one of the 4 situational factors affecting bystander intervention
"Diffusion of responsibility, Noticing the event, Pluralistic ignorance, Cost of helping "
What’s the cerebrum?
The upper part of the brain, where higher processing happens; it includes the cortex.
What were the results of Damasio (1994) key study?
"Gage’s brain damage was likely to have only affected the frontal lobe. White matter in the left hemisphere was damaged. "
State a strength of lateralisation as an example of sex differences between males and females?
Plenty of scientific evidence (Well controlled) from labs and brain scans. E.g.
Define ‘encoding’
This is when we change information received from out senses in to electrical impulses that can be stored. There are 3 types of encoding; visual, semantic and ac
What’s the genetic explanation for depression?
Hyde (2016) found 17 gene variations linked to depression
What is a collectivist culture?
Eastern. Values group membership and co-operation
How does classical conditioning explain addiction?
Behaviour is learnt through associations. If a substance is associated with positive feelings then the person learns to associate the drug with positive feeling
What are demand characteristics?
refers to an experimental artefact where participants form an interpretation of the experiment's purpose and unconsciously change their behaviour accordingly
What were the results of Young (2007) study?
Over the 12 sessions of CBT, the average rating of the quality of the CBT sessions improved
What happens if we damage our pre-frontal cortex?
•Become impulsive and aggressive
What is a fixed mindset?
"believing your abilities are fixed and unchangeable. "
How do antidepressant drugs such as SSRI’s work?
Raise the levels of neurotransmitter serotonin, which controls mood. SSRI’s block the reuptake of serotonin at the synapse.
State a weakness of lateralisation as an example of sex differences between males and females? STUDY
Sommer (2004) found no strong evidence that females used both hemispheres for language tasks
What is reductionism?
When you describe something using its basic parts or the simplest explanation
What were the results of Bartlett’s War of the ghost study?
"Ppants rationalised the story but changing events, missing bits out or adding in reasons. Ppants left out unfamiliar parts of the story like place names Lots o
How is Piaget applied and used in education?
"Focus on child’s thinking Discovery learning is required Children are individuals – whole class teaching is not advised. "
What is the diathesis-stress model?
Explains depression as a combination of genetic predisposition combined with a stressful life event.
What were the conclusions of Gunderson?
"Process praise leads to growth mindset. Did NOT find that person praise leads to fixed mindset "
What’s Beck’s cognitive triad?
Negative views of the self, negative views of the world and negative views of the future
Name the 3 personal factors affecting bystander intervention
Similarity, competence and mood
What is Retrograde amnesia?
When a patient who has suffered from brain injury cannot remember information from before the injury
What is the role of the ‘Frontal lobe’?
Responsible for decision making and impulse control. Problem solving skills and concentration.
What was the procedure of Gunderson et al (2013) study on parent praise?
"Longitudinal study/ Looked at parent praise when children were 14 months, 26 months and 38 months old. 5 years later they measured children’s ideas about behav
What is the role of the ‘parietal lobe’?
Perception (understanding the world). Face recognition. Sense of touch
What is visual agnosia?
An inability to recognise things that can be seen
According to Bartlett – what is a familiarisation?
When details are changed to make them more familiar and rational.
What is asymmetrical function?
The 2 hemispheres of the brain are not equal in terms of what they do. Each hemisphere controls different functions.
What’s the capacity of STM?
About 7 items of information (5-9)
What are the 2 types of culture?
Individualistic and Collectivist
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