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GH 3 Unit 9

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  • What was the outcome of the Treaty of Utrecht?
    It recognized Felipe V as King of Spain and redefined territorial boundaries.
  • Which natural rights did Enlightenment thinkers emphasize?
    They defended inherent individual rights that no state could legitimately remove.
  • How did Bossuet's Doctrine justify royal power?
    It argued that a monarch's authority came directly from God.
  • What effect did the French Revolution have on Spanish reforms?
    The revolutionary ideas led to a reversal of earlier reforms after 1789.
  • How did the Bill of Rights in England contribute to government structure?
    It established the separation of powers into legislative, judicial, and executive branches.
  • What event triggered the War of the Spanish Succession?
    The death of Carlos II in 1700, leaving no direct heir.
  • Who were the two main claimants to the Spanish throne during the war?
    Felipe of Anjou and Archduke Carlos contested the succession.
  • How was the clergy divided during the Old Regime?
    It was split into high clergy (bishops, archbishops, cardinals) and lower clergy (priests, friars, nuns).
  • What economic theory measured a nation's wealth by its reserves of gold and silver?
    Mercantilism, which encouraged exports and restricted imports.
  • What characterized the high clergy in Spain?
    They were predominantly from noble families and wielded significant influence.
  • How was society structured during the Old Regime?
    It was organized into estates—nobility, clergy, and the third estate (commoners) with privileges at its core.
  • What role did the Encyclopaedia play in the Enlightenment?
    Edited by Diderot and d'Alembert, it spread revolutionary ideas across Europe.
  • How did absolutist monarchs use mercantilist policies?
    They promoted domestic industries and exports to boost national wealth and reinforce state power.
  • What is meant by enlightened despotism?
    A form of absolutism where monarchs implement reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideals without relinquishing power.
  • What educational reforms were introduced in Spain?
    They built primary schools, updated secondary and university curricula, and fostered intellectual societies.
  • Why was education considered crucial during the Enlightenment?
    It was seen as the pathway to knowledge, personal fulfillment, and societal progress.
  • What were the Nueva Planta Decrees designed to achieve?
    They centralized Spanish administration and abolished regional privileges.
  • What agricultural reforms were implemented in Spain?
    Measures included reducing the power of the Mesta and promoting new agricultural areas.
  • What was the focus of subsistence farming in Europe?
    It concentrated on producing basic foodstuffs for local consumption.
  • Which faction did Felipe of Anjou represent?
    He represented the Borbones, supported by France and allied powers.
  • What was the fundamental principle of the Enlightenment?
    The predominance of reason applied to all aspects of life.
  • What financial obligations did peasants have?
    They paid taxes to the Crown, fees to local lords, and tithes to the Church.
  • How did Economic Societies of Friends of the Country contribute to reform?
    They provided forums for enlightened thinkers to exchange ideas and support modernization.
  • How did Spain modernize its economy under absolutism?
    By liberalizing trade with America and establishing royal factories to boost production.
  • What role did representative assemblies play under the Old Regime?
    They had to approve new taxes and laws, representing the interests of the nobility, clergy, and urban gentry.
  • Which countries supported Archduke Carlos during the conflict?
    Austria, Great Britain, the United Provinces, Prussia, Savoy, and Portugal backed him.
  • How did the lower nobility often try to improve their status?
    They sought to marry into the wealthy bourgeoisie to gain economic advantage.
  • What was the primary occupation of the peasantry?
    They engaged in subsistence farming, producing basic food on lands owned by the nobility or clergy.
  • What new dynasty was established in Spain after the war?
    The Borbones dynasty was established with Felipe V's ascension.
  • What distinguished the high clergy from the lower clergy?
    High clergy were usually drawn from noble families, increasing their influence in church and state.
  • Which Austrian ruler is an example of enlightened despotism?
    Joseph II, who introduced broad reforms to modernize society.
  • How did the lower nobility in Spain secure their future?
    They often arranged marriages with members of the bourgeoisie.
  • What function did guilds serve in the economy?
    Guilds were associations of craftspeople that regulated working conditions and standards.
  • Which Spanish monarch is noted as an enlightened despot?
    Carlos III, known for modernizing administration and promoting economic development.
  • Who were considered part of the bourgeoisie?
    Urban professionals such as merchants, doctors, and artisans with limited political power.
  • What is meant by absolutism in the context of the Old Regime?
    It refers to a system where the monarch claimed all state power and divine authority.
  • How did the background of the lower clergy differ?
    They typically came from commoner backgrounds, unlike the high clergy.
  • How did triangular trade function economically?
    European ships exchanged low-value goods for slaves in Africa, transported them to America, and used profits to buy commodities in Europe.
  • What was one of Felipe V's key objectives after assuming the throne?
    He aimed to recover Italian territories lost under the treaty.
  • How did enlightened despots reform education?
    They founded new educational institutions and updated curricula to include scientific subjects.
  • What role did privileges play in Old Regime society?
    Privileges defined social roles and responsibilities within each estate.
  • How was the Church's power curtailed in Spain during the reforms?
    Reforms limited the Inquisition and led to the expulsion of the Jesuits.
  • What positions did the high nobility typically hold?
    They occupied top positions in administration and the military, owned large estates, and collected taxes.
  • How did Fernando VI's foreign policy differ from his predecessors?
    He maintained neutrality, keeping Spain out of major conflicts.
  • How did mercantilist policies support the economic goals of absolutism?
    They focused on accumulating gold and silver by promoting domestic industries and restricting imports.
  • What roles did the high nobility play in Spanish society?
    They monopolized top administrative and military positions and controlled large estates.
  • What shift in international policy occurred under Carlos III?
    He abandoned neutrality to confront British expansion in America.
  • How were traditional councils reformed in Spain's government?
    They were replaced by state secretaries, modernizing the administrative structure.
  • What significant political change occurred in England during this period?
    England shifted towards parliamentarism with the introduction of a Bill of Rights.
  • What territories did Spain lose under the Treaty of Utrecht?
    Spain ceded lands in Flanders and Italy to Austria and Gibraltar and Menorca to Great Britain.
  • Why were royal factories created by the monarchy?
    They were established to promote specialized production, especially of weapons and luxury goods.
  • What form of government emerged in the United Provinces?
    A republican model where the bourgeoisie held the main political power.
  • How did the domestic system differ from guild-controlled production?
    It developed outside of guild control, influencing urban production independently.
  • Who comprised the third estate?
    The third estate included both the peasantry and the urban bourgeoisie.
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