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Practice 12/19/24

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  • Southern Resistance
    Opposition to Black rights post-Civil War.
  • 13th Amendment
    Addition to the Constitution that legally ended slavery in the United States.
  • Radical Republicans
    Congress members advocating strict Reconstruction policies.
  • Hiram Revels
    First African American U.S. Senator, elected in 1870.
  • Confiscation Acts
    Laws allowing seizure of Confederate slaves.
  • Emancipation Proclamation
    Shifted the focus of the Civil War from preserving the Union to ending slavery.
  • Presidency
    Grant served two controversial terms as President.
  • Outcome
    Union victory; forced CSA surrender
  • State Constitutions
    Included provisions for public education funding post-war.
  • Gettysburg
    Site of biggest & deadliest battle of the Civil War
  • Reconstruction
    Time when the United States was rebuilding after the Civil War. Brought back southern states.
  • Ulysses S. Grant
    18th President of the United States, military leader.
  • Educational Opportunities
    Increased for Black students during the Reconstruction era.
  • Battle of Bull Run
    First major battle, July 21, 1861.
  • Political party regaining control in the South
    Democratic Party.
  • Mississippi
    State where Revels became politically active post-war.
  • Community Efforts
    Black communities pooled resources to create schools.
  • Emancipation
    To set someone free
  • Shiloh
    Major battle won by Grant in the Civil War.
  • Turning Point Because...
    Led to eventual CSA surrender & end of war
  • Literacy
    Ability to read and write; essential for contracts.
  • Military Campaign
    Strategic operations conducted by armed forces.
  • Brigadier General P. G. T. Beauregard
    Confederate commander at the Battle of Bull Run.
  • Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871
    Designed to criminalize violence against voting rights.
  • Southern terror
    Weakened Republican influence.
  • Public Education
    Reconstruction introduced free education for all children.
  • Reconstruction Era
    Period after Civil War focused on rebuilding the South.
  • 40 acres and a mule
    Promise of land and resources for farming.
  • Strength and Courage
    Revels' life exemplified commitment to equality and justice.
  • North Carolina
    Birthplace of Hiram Revels in 1827.
  • West Point
    Military academy where Grant graduated mid-class.
  • Turning Point of Antietam
    Gave Union a boost; led to Emancipation Proclamation
  • Mobilization
    Getting troops ready & organized to fight
  • Leaders CSA: Lee
    Union: Meade
  • Fortification
    A military stronghold
  • Volunteer Regiment
    Unit Grant commanded at the Civil War's start.
  • Reconstruction
    Period post-Civil War, complicated by Grant's presidency.
  • Special Field Order No. 15
    Set aside land for African Americans post-Civil War.
  • Leaders CSA: Pemberton
    Union: Grant
  • Freedmen's Bureau
    Agency aiding newly freed slaves after the war.
  • Ku Klux Klan
    White supremacist group using violence against Black people.
  • Resistance to Revels
    Opposition from white Southerners regarding his Senate seat.
  • Minister
    Revels continued his ministry work until his death.
  • Secession
    To break away from a country
  • George McClellan
    Replaced Winfield Scott as Union Army leader.
  • Turning Point
    An event that makes a big difference
  • Tech/Trends
    Machine guns; ironclads; mechanized warfare; total war
  • Flawed Individual
    Grant made mistakes despite his military achievements.
  • CSA Goal in Antietam
    Invade Union through Maryland
  • Three-hour groups
    Students attended classes in staggered three-hour sessions.
  • Outcome of Siege of Vicksburg
    Forced CSA surrender; Union victory
  • Emancipation
    To set someone free
  • Segregation
    Revels opposed segregation in schools and railroads.
  • General George Meade
    Union commander at the Battle of Gettysburg.
  • Civil War
    Conflict that led Grant to military prominence.
  • Freedmen's Schools
    Educational institutions for African Americans during Reconstruction.
  • Legacy of Reconstruction
    Foundation for ongoing fight for equal education.
  • Community involvement
    Local groups collaborated to support education efforts.
  • U.S. Senate
    Revels served as a senator from 1870 to 1871.
  • Tactics used by the Ku Klux Klan
    Whipping, tarring, lynching, and arson.
  • Confederate States of America
    Southern states that seceded from the Union.
  • Leaders CSA: Various
    Union: William T. Sherman
  • 15th Amendment
    Guaranteed voting rights for Black men.
  • Strengths of Confederacy
    Better generals; home field advantage
  • Proclamation
    A public declaration/announcement
  • Labor contracts
    Agreements outlining work terms and compensation.
  • Weaknesses of Union
    Weak leaders
  • Proclamation
    A public declaration/announcement
  • Emancipation Proclamation Effect
    Allowed for the enlistment of Black soldiers in the Union Army and solidified commitment to freedom.
  • Turning Point Because...
    Union got control of Mississippi River
  • Tactics
    Fighting strategies and techniques
  • Black Colleges
    Institutions like Howard and Fisk founded during Reconstruction.
  • Union Commander
    Top military leader for the North during Civil War.
  • Unfair treatment
    African Americans faced discrimination in labor systems.
  • Emancipation Proclamation
    Lincoln's declaration freeing slaves in Confederate territory.
  • Evolution of the Ku Klux Klan
    From a social club to a violent resistance movement.
  • Union Goal in Antietam
    Stop invasion
  • Gettysburg
    Site of biggest & deadliest battle of the Civil War
  • Economic slavery
    Sharecropping led to debt and dependency on landowners.
  • Freedmen
    Formerly enslaved persons after the war.
  • Targets of the Ku Klux Klan
    African Americans and white Republicans.
  • Sharecropping
    Farming system where workers paid with crop profits.
  • Public School Enrollment
    By 1875, half of children in certain states attended school.
  • Strengths of Union
    Bigger army; more technology
  • Scorched Earth
    To destroy civilian property & all possible resources
  • Government oversight of congressional elections
    Known as Federal Monitoring.
  • Key concept related to the legacy of Southern resistance
    Generations of Setbacks.
  • Complex Figure
    Grant's life included successes and significant struggles.
  • Brigadier General Irvin McDowell
    Union commander at the Battle of Bull Run.
  • Turning Point
    An event that makes a big difference
  • Mobilization
    Getting troops ready & organized to fight
  • Union
    The United States (North)
  • C.S.A. Goal
    Keep Mississippi River
  • Adult education
    Evenings were dedicated to teaching adults.
  • Voting Rights
    Revels' term ended amid efforts to suppress Black voting.
  • Migration north or west
    Many African Americans left for better opportunities.
  • 1871
    Year Revels' term in the Senate ended.
  • Retreat
    To reverse course and leave battle
  • Freedmen's Bureau
    Organization that helped give aid and education to newly freed African Americans after the Civil War.
  • What was losing power despite a Republican president in 1868?
    Reconstruction.
  • Famous People in Confederacy
    Jefferson Davis; Robert E. Lee; Stonewall Jackson
  • Freedmen's Bureau
    Provided education and support for African Americans.
  • Ku Klux Klan founding year
    1866.
  • Education for Freedmen
    Post-war emphasis on education for formerly enslaved individuals.
  • Terror tactics and racism
    Undermined African-American political gains and Republican influence.
  • Andrew Johnson
    President who reversed Sherman's land order.
  • 13th Amendment
    Abolished slavery in the United States.
  • Civil rights understanding
    Education helped African Americans comprehend their rights.
  • Secession
    To break away from a country
  • Confederacy
    The country formed by seceding states (south)
  • Battle of Antietam
    Led to the bloodiest single-day battle in American history.
  • Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan
    Reintegration plan for states with 10% loyalty pledge.
  • Freedmen's Bureau
    Agency that helped establish schools for Black students.
  • Siege
    Surround enemy & cut off supplies
  • Fort Sumter
    First battle of the American Civil War, April 1861.
  • School accessibility
    Limited by lack of teachers and facilities.
  • Turning Point Because...
    Turned tide of war in favor of Union
  • Major General George B. McClellan
    Union leader at the Battle of Antietam.
  • Retreat
    To reverse course and leave battle
  • Reconstruction
    Post-war era focused on rebuilding the South.
  • Shocking Fact about Antietam
    Bloodiest single day in American history.
  • Deaths in Civil War
    Over 600,000
  • Leaders at Antietam
    CSA: Robert E. Lee; Union: George McClellan
  • Shift in Southern political control
    Led to a weakening in African-American political power.
  • Union
    United States
  • Father's Occupation
    Jesse Grant was a tanner and abolitionist.
  • Sherman's March to the Sea
    Union campaign destroying Southern resources, 1864.
  • Confederacy
    The country formed by seceding states (south)
  • Tactics
    Fighting strategies and techniques
  • Civil War
    Conflict where Revels organized African American regiments.
  • Violence and Intimidation
    Methods used by white Southerners to suppress Black rights.
  • Racial Segregation
    Common practice in schools post-Reconstruction, leading to Jim Crow.
  • Battle of Antietam
    Bloodiest single-day battle, September 17, 1862.
  • Wage economy
    Economic system where work is compensated with money.
  • Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College
    First college presidency held by Revels after Senate.
  • Black peonage
    Economic system resembling slavery through debt.
  • General William T. Sherman
    Issued order for land distribution to freed slaves.
  • Sea Islands
    Area designated for African American settlement, 400,000 acres.
  • Reason for Radical Republican Backlash
    Many white Northern voters felt they had gone too far.
  • Mexican-American War
    Conflict where Grant served before resigning.
  • General Ulysses S. Grant
    Union general who led Siege of Vicksburg.
  • Weaknesses of Confederacy
    Less technology; smaller forces
  • Community schools
    Often located in churches or on owned land.
  • Born
    1822 in Point Pleasant, Ohio.
  • Year of white mob attacks in Memphis and New Orleans
    1866.
  • Confederacy
    Rebel States
  • Historians' Views
    Mixed assessments of Grant's presidency over time.
  • 14th Amendment
    Granted citizenship to all born in the U.S.
  • Famous People in Union
    Lincoln, Grant; Meade
  • Goals of Union
    Preserve the Union; later to end slavery
  • Union
    Northern states fighting to preserve the United States.
  • Union
    The United States (North)
  • Radical Republicans
    An extreme group of leaders that wanted to severely punish the Southern states.
  • Siege of Vicksburg
    Union goal was to control Mississippi River and stop C.S.A.
  • Goals of Confederacy
    Independence; preserve slavery & way of life
  • Siege
    Surround enemy & cut off supplies
  • Effect of Klan tactics on political landscape
    Suppressed African-American votes.
  • Limited educational opportunities
    Older children often worked instead of attending school.
  • Battle of Gettysburg
    Turning point battle, July 1-3, 1863.
  • Fortification
    A military stronghold
  • Vicksburg
    Crucial victory for Grant, securing Union control.
  • Role in History
    Key figure in ending the Civil War.
  • Scorched Earth
    To destroy civilian property & all possible resources
  • Union Goal
    Control Mississippi River
  • Education value
    Seen as a path to empowerment for African Americans.
  • General Robert E. Lee
    Confederate leader at the Battle of Antietam.
  • Outcome of Antietam
    Union stopped Confederate advance into the North and boosted Union morale.
  • Civil Rights
    Rights ensuring freedom and equality for all citizens.
  • Uniforms
    Blue for Union; Grey for Confederacy
  • Impact of terror combined with racism
    Significantly hindered African-American political advancement.
  • Siege of Vicksburg
    Union victory giving control of Mississippi River.
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