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Midterm Review Questions

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  • List one reason why is it necessary to use scientific names instead of familiar names for organisms?
    1.To avoid mistakes; common names can be misleading 2.To show that organisms in the same genus are related 3.To give descriptive information about the organism
  • What was Virchow's contribution to cell theory?
    He stated that all cells come from preexisting cell.
  • What is letter H on both diagrams?
    Mitochondria
  • What are the 3 parts of cell theory.
    1. All organisms are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of life. 3. All cells result from the division of previously existing living cells
  • What is used to test a hypothesis?
    Experiment
  • List the 7 characteristics/functions of cells
    1. Metabolism 2. Response. 3. Homeostasis. 4. Growth. 5. Reproduction 6. Nutrition. 7. Defense
  • Does spinach make dogs grow larger? A scientist gets 6 poodles the same age and treats them the same except every day 3 dogs eat 10 ounces of dog food plus 4 ounces of spinach and 3 dogs eat 10 ounces of dog food. What is the control var?
    type of dog, dog food. treated exactly the same except spinach,
  • What is an autotroph?
    Autotroph: an organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
  • What is a chloroplast?
    found only plant cells. Green, oval, contains chlorophyll. Where photosynthesis occurs.
  • what do the letters on the inside of a punnett square stand for?
    The genotypes of possible offspings
  • What is a vesicle?
    A vesicle is an organelle that transports substances to other parts of the cell. It is used by the Golgi body.
  • What is the cell membrane?
    In both plant & animal cells. Supports & protects cell & allows materials to move in and out of the cell & helps to maintain homeostasis.
  • A student investigated whether a person’s brand of shoe affects how fast they can run. What is the dependent variable?
    Running Speed
  • What is letter B on both diagrams?
    Nucleus
  • What is cytokinesis?
    occurs after telophase when a cleavage furrow forms in the middle of the cell to divide the 2 nucleuses, the cytoplasm and the organelles into 2 complete cells
  • Does spinach make dogs grow larger? A scientist gets 6 poodles the same age and treats them the same except every day 3 dogs eat 10 ounces of dog food plus 4 ounces of spinach and 3 dogs eat 10 ounces of dog food. What is the dependent var?
    size of dogs
  • something a person holds to be true - may not be scientifically proven
    belief
  • What is changed (on purpose) in an experiment?
    Independent Variable
  • What is a genotypes?
    the genetic identity of an organism
  • what are inherited traits?
    genetically determined characteristics passed from parents to offspring
  • What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
    in both plant & animal cells. A hollow network of tiny tubes that makes lipids and enzymes.
  • Which 2 domains have only prokaryotic organisms?
    Archaea & bacteria
  • 2 threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides during mitosis
    chromatid
  • What do the leters on the outside of punnett square stand for?
    The parents' genotype
  • What is A on the diagram?
    Cell membrane
  • What is homeostasis?
    Keeping conditions inside the organism balanced and stable
  • what is growth?
    when an organism increases in size
  • What stage of mitosis is shown in this picture?
    metaphase
  • What is a unicellular organism?
    an organism that consists of only one cell. Can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
  • What is a phenotype?
    The physical appearance of an organism
  • Which of the following are examples of genotypes in which the dominant gene will be evident in the phenotype?
    Ff HH Oo Uu
  • What is letter D on both diagrams?
    Smooth ER
  • What is ATP? Where is it manufactured?
    ATP is the chemical energy of the cell, made from breaking down sugar molecules into energy, and is manufactured in the mitochondria.
  • what is a multicellular organism?
    an organism that consists of more than one cell & is complex.
  • What is letter I on both diagrams?
    golgi body
  • What holds 2 sister chromotids together?
    centromere
  • What is a heterotroph?
    Heterotroph: an organism that can not make its own food & obtains food from eating other organisms
  • Describe a heterozygous genotype.
    carries one dominant allele and one recessive allele ( T t)
  • What are the 3 domains?
    Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
  • List 2 of the 3 parts of the definition of a cell.
    1. smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. 2. Usually microscopic. 3. Has cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane.
  • Why did Robert Hooke name his discovery 'cells'?
    Because they like little rooms or monastery cells.
  • Name one characteristic of a scientific law.
    1. based on observations. 2. more descriptive. 3. Holds for specific conditions. 4. Answers "what" questions
  • What is heredity?
    the biological process of passing on certain genes to offspring
  • What is a microscope?
    A tool that uses lenses to magnify objects.
  • Name one way in which scientific laws and scientific theories are similar?
    Both are based on evidence. OR Both can change with new evidence
  • Germ cells are found where?
    reproductive organs
  • Describe a Homozygous recessive genotype.
    carries 2 copies of the same recessive allele (t t)
  • What is Genetics?
    the study of heredity
  • Who wrote the 3rd part of cell theory?
    Virchow
  • During what state of Meiosis does crossover happen?
    Prophase I
  • What is the value of each square inside of a punnett square?
    25%
  • What is reproduction?
    The ability to produce offspring
  • What is rough endoplasmic reticulum?
    in both plant & animal cells. A hollow network of tiny tubes. The surface has ribosomes. Serves as a roadways for proteins to travel
  • A rule based on facts and proven hypothesis. Answers "what" questions
    Scientific Law
  • What is a ribosome?
    in both plant & animal cells. Follow instructions from the nucleus to make proteins from RNA.
  • Smallest structural & functional unit of an organism?
    A cell
  • Which type of cell reproduction results in genetic diversity?
    Meiosis
  • Who concluded that all animal tissue is made of cells?
    Schwann
  • If an organism is a producer, is an autotroph or heterotroph?
    autotroph
  • A cell found in reproductive organs that divides by meiosis?
    germ cell
  • What stage of mitosis is shown in this picture?
    prophase
  • During what stage of Mitosis does the nuclear membrane start to fragement?
    Prophase
  • What is a punnett square?
    a diagram used to predict the probability of offspring inheriting a particular trait
  • Name one characteristic of a scientific theory.
    1. Based on inferences.  2. More generalized.  3. Answers "why" questions
  • What is a eukaryotic organism?
    An organism that has a membrane bound nucleus and organelles.
  • What is a gene?
    segment of DNA that is transferred from a parent to offspring and determines some characteristic of the offspring.
  • What organelle's are ONLY in plant cells?
    Chlorplasts, cell wall
  • What is happening to the pair of chromosomes in the picture?
    Crossover
  • Describe a homozygous dominant genotype.
    carries 2 copies of the same dominant allele (T T)
  • Most of the life of a cell is spent in what phase?
    Interphase
  • What is nutrition?
    Obtaining food for energy and growth
  • What two taxonomic categories are used in an organism's scientific name?
    Genus & species
  • What is a eukaryotic cell?
    Cell with a nucleus & membrane bound organelles
  • Which type of cell reproduction results in 2 daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell?
    Mitosis
  • In the 8 levels of classification, which category has organisms that are the most alike?
    species
  • What are chromosomes?
    tightly packed DNA - ONLY found during cell division
  • If R stands for red & and r stands for white, what is the possibility offspring will be red??
    75%
  • What is measured in an experiment?
    Dependent variable
  • What is a prokaryotic organism?
    an organism that has genetic material but does not have a membrane bound nucleus
  • a statement that can be proven or disproven
    hypothesis
  • Which of the following are examples of homozygous dominant genotypes?
    AA EE RR
  • Why can't a scientific law and a scientific theory turn into each other?
    They answer different types of questions.
  • Which Eukaryotic kingdom has organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi?
    Protista
  • Scientific Method
    A series of step used to test a hypothesis to reach a scientific conclusion OR A process that helps scientists gain knowledge about the world.
  • Which of the following are examples of a heterozygous genotype?
    Gg Ff Oo Tt
  • During what phase does a cell spend most of its time?
    Interphase
  • Which type of cell reproduction results in 4 haploid cells that are NOT genetically identical to the parent cell?
    Meiosis
  • What are the 4 kingdoms in the Eukarya domain?
    Protista, Fungi, Plantea, Animalia
  • What stage of mitosis is shown in this picture?
    anaphase
  • What is an organelle?
    Tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions in a cell
  • Who wrote the first 2 parts of cell theory?
    Schleiden & Schwann
  • What is an allele?
    one member of a pair of genes occupying a specific spot on a chromosome that controls the same trait
  • What organelles are ONLY in animal cells
    Small vacuole & lysosomes
  • What is defense?
    protection against enemies
  • Does spinach make dogs grow larger? A scientist gets 6 poodles the same age and treats them the same except every day 3 dogs eat 10 ounces of dog food plus 4 ounces of spinach and 3 dogs eat 10 ounces of dog food. What is the hypothesis?
    If dogs each spinach then they will grow larger.
  • What is the possibility that the offspring will be yellow?
    50%
  • List 2 of the 4 types of asexual reproduction?
    Budding, binary fission, fragmentation, vegetative reproduction
  • If R stands for red & and r stands for white, what is the possibility offsping will be white?
    25%
  • What is the nucleus?
    in both plant & animal cells. Controls the activities of the cell & hereditary information.
  • What is a lysosome?
    found mostly in animal cells. Contains enzymes that help break down and recycle old cell parts and foreign objects like bacteria or viruses.
  • If the mom's genotype is Rr and dad's genotype is Rr, what are the 3 possible genotypes for the offspring?
    RR, Rr, rr
  • Which organism is more complex, a prokaryote or eukaryote?
    Eukaryote
  • A student investigated whether a person’s brand of shoe affects how fast they can run. What is the independent variable?
    Brand of shoe
  • What is metabolism?
    Chemical reactions inside a cell
  • What stage of mitosis is shown in this picture?
    telophase
  • What Kingdom has ONLY autotrophic organisms?
    Plantae
  • What is the cell wall?
    rigid, stiff outer layer of a plant cell. Supports & Protects the cell.
  • What is cytoplasm?
    in both plant & animal cells. Clear, thick, jelly like material that supports & protects the cell organelles.
  • What domain has ONLY eukaryotic organisms?
    Eukarya
  • What stays the same in an experiment?
    Control Variable
  • Who concluded all plant tissue is made of cells?
    Schleiden
  • What is the smallest structural unit of an organism?
    A cell
  • An explanation as to why certain laws and fact exist. Answers "why" questions
    Scientific Theory
  • Does spinach make dogs grow larger? A scientist gets 6 poodles the same age and treats them the same except every day 3 dogs eat 10 ounces of dog food plus 4 ounces of spinach and 3 dogs eat 10 ounces of dog food. What is independent var?
    Spinach
  • What is mitochondria?
    in both plant & animal cells. Powerhouse of the cell. Break down sugar molecules into energy (ATP). Active cells have more mitochondria.
  • What is a prokaryotic cell?
    Cell without a nucleus and without membrane bound organelles.
  • What is cell response?
    When a cell perceives and responds to changes in the environment.
  • A body cell that divides by mitosis?
    somatic cell
  • What are the 8 categories of the organism classification system in order from the broadest category to the most specific category?
    A. Domain B. Kingdom C. Phylum D. Class E. Order F. Family G. Genus H. Species
  • What is letter G on both diagrams?
    Vacuole
  • What is a vacuole?
    found in plant & animal cells (large in plant cells/small and few in animal cells). Fluid-filled sacs that stores water & food in both plants and animals
  • What is number 1 on the left diagram?
    Chloroplast
  • Who named cells?
    Robert Hooke
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