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Past modals

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  • A: Did you see my vacation photos? B: I did! It _________ (be) a lot of fun, judging by the big smiles.
    must have been
  • You _______ (be) ill yesterday. Jessie saw you at the bowling alley.
    couldn't have been
  • We _____ (leave) the burgers on the grill for so long. They were all burnt.
    shouldn't have left
  • Where's Clare? Her bag's here and her computer's still on so she _____ (go) home.
    couldn't have gone
  • You _______ (pay) more attention! Now we are lost.
    should have paid
  • Nobody knows exactly why he died. But we think it ______ (be) an accident.
    might have been
  • Before we all had digital cameras, it _____ (be) expensive to keep buying film for your camera.
    must have been
  • I wonder why Jim hasn't arrived yet? He _______ (take) the wrong train.
    might have taken
  • I have a stomach ache. I _____ (eat) so much.
    shouldn't have eaten
  • I didn't know you were going to Phil's party yesterday. You ______ (tell) me!
    should have told
  • I don't know where they went--they ________ (go) to Paris or Marseille.
    could have gone
  • I didn't know you were free last Saturday. We ___ (go) to a concert.
    could have gone
  • I _________ (review) more for the exam. I was lazy, and now I'll fail!
    should have reviewed
  • Maybe the CIA killed president JFK (may)
    The CIA may have killed JFK.
  • The Easter Island statues definitely were not created by aliens.
    The Easter Island Statues couldn't have been / must not have been created by aliens.
  • No way, she _____ (clean) the whole house on her own in two hours. She must have had some help.
    couldn't have cleaned
  • The window was broken, so the thieves _______ (get) in through that window.
    must have gotten
  • It's possible that this artwork was made in Europe.
    This artwork might have been made in Europe
  • I'm not surprised that you're tired. You _____ (stay) up so late.
    shouldn't have stayed up
  • A: I don't think he remembers me. B: Come on, he _________ (forget) you already! He only met you last week!
    couldn't have forgotten
  • Sarah looked very happy. She ______ (pass) her driving test. She had been preparing for a long time.
    must have passed