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Modals in the past

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  • You __________ Luke yesterday. He left the city six months ago. (SEE)
    You can’t have seen Luke yesterday. He left the city six months ago.
  • Where are my gloves? I __________ them in the taxi. (LEAVE)
    Where are my gloves? I must have left them in the taxi.
  • She ___________ to Europe with her family, but she got a summer job instead.
    She could have travelled to Europe with her family, but she got a summer job instead.
  • You ___________ my clothes without asking in the first place! (WEAR)
    You shouldn’t have worn my clothes without asking in the first place!
  • “Have you heard from Tom? He didn’t show up today.” “He _________.” (OVESLEEP)
    “Have you heard from Tom? He didn’t show up today.” “He might/could/may have overslept.”
  • I ____________ his calls, but I decided to give him a second chance. (IGNORE)
    I could have ignored his calls, but I decided to give him a second chance.
  • That __________ John. He’s been in Italy for months. (BE)
    That couldn’t have been John. He’s been in Italy for months.
  • Beth seems worried. She _________ a problem with something. (HAVE)
    Beth looks worried . She MUST HAVE / MUST HAVE HAD a problem with something.
  • It's a very popular author. You _________ of him. (HEAR)
    It's a very popular author. You must have heard of him.
  • He ____________ the bus to get home, but I'm not sure. (TAKE)
    He might/could have taken the bus to get home, but I'm not sure.
  • I’m sorry that I’m late for work. I _____________ earlier. (WAKE UP)
    I’m sorry that I’m late for work. I should have woken up earlier.
  • I _________ directly to college, but I decided to travel for a year. (GO)
    I could have gone directly to college, but I decided to travel for a year.
  • He ___________ home already. He just left. (ARRIVE)
    He can’t have arrived home already. He just left.
  • He___________ till noon but the alarm clock woke him up. (SLEEP)
    He could have slept till noon but the alarm clock woke him up.
  • I was so worried about you. You _________! (CALL)
    I was so worried about you. You should have called!
  • This antique chandelier looks terrific. You _________ a fortune. (SPEND)
    This antique chandelier looks terrific. You must have spent a fortune
  • You ___________ the whole cake! It was huge. (EAT)
    You can’t have eaten the whole cake! It was huge.
  • Phillip called to say he'd be late. He _________ the train. (MISS)
    Phillip called to say he'd be late. He must have missed the train.
  • He ___________ work already. It’s 7 pm. (LEAVE)
    He must have left work already. It’s 7 pm.
  • He __________ a bike at noon. He was at home. (RIDE)
    He can't have been riding a bike at noon. He was at home.
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