Explain the hygiene hypothesis
changes in human behavior have lead to a loss of microbial diversity.
What is the function of the enzyme primase?
Primase synthesizes the RNA primer, which is the starting point of DNA replication.
What is the difference between a trophozoite and a cyst?
Trophozoites are active, motile and metabolically active. Cysts are dormant and inactive.
What is an opportunistic infection?
An infection that occurs as a result of normal flora being introduced to a new location.
what is an operon?
A cluster of genes that are regulated by a single, common promoter.
how does a photoautotroph get its carbon?
Through fixation of carbon dioxide.
True or False: Budding and binary fission are asexual methods of reproducing.
True!
What is a cardinal temperature?
The optimal temperatures needed for survival.
How do you "grow" viruses in the lab?
By using something like an embryonated egg, live tissue cultures, a lab animal. Basically something that is LIVING.
The transmission method in which the pathogen enters via a sting or needle injection.
Parenteral route
This organelle synthesizes lipids and plays a role in detoxification.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
This Gram (-) bacteria localizes in the lower respiratory tract and is generally more severe in children
Bordetella pertussis
What is schizogony?
An asexual reproduction method found in some protozoans. It involves multiple mitoses without cytokinesis.
This organelle "ships and receives" products from the rough ER.
Golgi apparatus
How many ATPs are made as a result of oxidative level phosphorylation?
36-38 ATP.
This kind of bacterial wall has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that includes lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Gram Negative
What are the four major macromolecules found in ALL cells?
Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids.
A type of infection that occurs when normal flora is introduced to a new location.
Opportunistic infection
How do probiotics benefit us?
Probiotics are "good" bacteria, they help repopulate the gut microbiome after antibiotic use, etc.
What are the components of a nucleotide?
A pentose, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base.
This kind of bacterial wall has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that includes lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Anything except oxygen
This scientist linked puerperal fever to "cadaver particles", leading to preliminary aseptic techniques.
Ignaz Semmelweis
True or false: the aqueous and vitreous humor of the eye are generally sterile
True
What are phosphodiester bonds?
Strong bonds that form the backbone of both DNA and RNA.
This type of infection is transmitted from a healthcare worker to a patient.
Iatrogenic infection
This scientist invented the first compound microscope and coined the term "cell".
Robert Hooke
Give three benefits provided by the human microbiome.
Food digestion, synthesis of compounds (like vitamin K), produce hormones (like serotonin), train the immune system, etc.
This bacteria can cross the placenta and causes numerous birth defects, including saber shins and saddle nose.
Treponema pallidum
This organelle is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes and plays a role in protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
True or false: Viruses are part of the normal human microbiome.
True!
These stabilizing features are found only within the the bacterial plasma membrane.
Hopanoids