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Explain why the melting points of halogens increase as you go down the group.
More electrons = more london dispersion forces = more energy needed to break these forces = higher melting point.
A chemical reaction takes 10 seconds. What is the relative rate of this reaction?
0.1 s-1
Name this ester.
Ethyl butanoate
Which is the odd one out: boron, carbon, silicon, phosphorus
Phosphorus - the rest exist as covalent networks.
Name the ester formed when propanol reacts with pentanoic acid.
Propyl pentanoate
What TWO signs would we see that an ester has formed?
An aroma is produced; an oily layer will appear on top of the mixture.
Why do we use a water bath when preparing an ester?
Because the reactants and products are flammable.
Name this molecule.
3-methylpentane
Explain why oils have lower melting and boiling points than fats.
More double bonds, resulting in "kinks" in the molecules, leading to them packing less tightly together, leading to weaker LDFs.
What stage of the free radical chain reaction is this?
Initiation
What are the three stages of a free radical chain reaction?
Initiation, propagation, termination
Identify the oxidising agent.
Cu2+ ions
Which group of the Periodic Table has elements which are monatomic?
Noble gases
Its chemical formula is C5H8, and is the basis of all terpenes. What is the name is this molecule?
Isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene)
What name is given to this type of reaction?
Hydration
Give the systematic name of glycerol.
Propane-1,2,3-triol
What two types of molecules can react together to form an ester?
An alcohol and a carboxylic acid
What is a free radical?
Highly reactive atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons.
What could I do to the pressure conditions to maximise the yield of ammonia?
Increase
What is the trend in ionisation energy down a group? Explain why.
It decreases - because of the shielding effect which reduce the attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons.
What two factors affect how different substances are separated in a chromatography experiment?
Molecule size and polarity
What process could I use to separate different gases in a mixture?
Distillation
What functional group is present in aldehydes and ketones?
Carbonyl group
A hydrogen bond forms when hydrogen is directly bonded to any of which three elements?
Nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine
What is the weakest intermolecular force?
London dispersion forces
Whose "law" is defined as the total enthalpy change of a reaction is the same regardless of the route taken?
Hess's Law
If two atoms are bonded with the same electronegativity, what kind of bond is this?
Pure covalent / non-polar covalent
Define "ionisation energy".
The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms.
Define "electronegativity".
A measure of an atom's attraction for electrons in a covalent bond.
What phrase describes the energy required to start a chemical reaction by breaking bonds in the reactants?
Activation energy
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