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The rise of autonomous femininity reflects a new __________ __________ that promotes female individualism.
Gender regime
According to __________ (1987), gender is not something we are born with, but something we learn through social construction.
Connell
__________ masculinity refers to the dominant form of masculinity that values leadership, rationality, and control.
Hegemonic
In Connell’s framework, men who share household duties and childcare are known as the __________ masculinity or “New Man.”
Complicit
Willott and Griffin (1996) used the term __________ masculinities to describe men who feel excluded because of unemployment or lack of income.
Marginalised
Masculinities that are devalued or seen as “lesser,” such as those associated with gay or disabled men, are called __________ masculinities.
Subordinate
Masculinities that challenge traditional male dominance and promote alternative identities are known as __________ masculinities.
Subversive
Kitchen (2006) described women who act in ways that please men as showing __________ femininity.
Complicit (or Emphasised)
Ann Oakley (1972) identified four processes of gender socialisation: manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation, and __________.
Different activities
When parents direct their children’s play or hobbies toward gender-appropriate toys, Oakley calls this process __________.
Canalisation
Telling girls they are “pretty” or boys they are “strong” is an example of Oakley’s process called __________.
Verbal appellation
Femininities that depend on male approval or validation are called __________ femininities.
Contingent
Femininities shaped through male fantasies and portraying women as sexual objects are known as __________ identities.
Sexualised
__________ femininities emphasise independence, female friendship, and the idea of “sex as fun.”
Assertive (or “Girl Power”)
McRobbie (1996) described __________ femininities as women balancing work and family roles while seeking personal freedom.
Modernised
__________ femininities challenge stereotypes of older women by asserting that they can still be active, fashionable, and sexual.
Ageing
