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What is the overall function of cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration converts glucose into usable energy in the form of ATP.
What is the primary function of photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
What is the role of enzymes in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions, speeding up the process without being consumed.
How do coenzymes assist in biochemical pathways?
Coenzymes transfer electrons or functional groups between molecules, aiding enzyme function.
What happens to enzyme function when pH changes?
Changes in pH can alter the enzyme's shape, reducing its activity or inactivating it.
What are the inputs and outputs of the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) in photosynthesis?
Inputs: carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH; Outputs: glucose.
How do C4 plants adapt to maximize photosynthesis efficiency?
C4 plants concentrate CO2 in specialized cells, minimizing photorespiration and increasing efficiency in hot environments.
What occurs during transcription? Where does it occur?
During transcription, a segment of DNA is copied into mRNA. Nucleus.
What is the function of CRISPR-Cas9 in bacteria?
CRISPR-Cas9 protects bacteria by cutting foreign DNA, such as viruses.
How can genetically modified crops benefit agriculture? Genetically modified crops can increase productivity and provide resistance to diseases. How can recombinant plasmids be used to produce human insulin?
Recombinant plasmids can be inserted into bacteria to produce human insulin through gene expression.
How can genetically modified crops benefit agriculture?
Genetically modified crops can increase productivity and provide resistance to diseases.
What is the original source of new alleles in a population?
Mutations.
How can environmental selection pressures change allele frequencies?
Alleles that improve survival and reproduction become more common.
What is genetic drift, and in which populations is it strongest?
Random changes in allele frequencies; strongest in small populations.
How does gene flow affect genetic diversity between populations?
It increases diversity within populations but reduces differences between them.
What is the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift?
Drift = small mutations over time; Shift = major genetic reassortment.
