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What was the primary motivation for European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries?
To find new trade routes, access wealth, and spread Christianity, competition with other colonial powers.
Explain the Columbian Exchange.
The transfer of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between the Old World and the New World.
What impact did European colonization have on Native American populations?
It led to significant population decline due to disease, warfare, and displacement.
What were the key differences between New England and Chesapeake colonies?
New England focused on religious communities and family farms; Chesapeake relied on tobacco cultivation and indentured labor.
What was the significance of the Navigation Acts?
They enforced mercantilism by regulating colonial trade to benefit England.
What sparked Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676?
Discontent among poor (indentured) farmers over Native American policies, land availability, and lack of protection.
Why was the French and Indian War a turning point in British-colonial relations?
It led to increased taxation and British control over the colonies, fostering resentment.
What was the purpose of the Proclamation of 1763?
To prevent colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains and avoid conflict with Native Americans.
How did the Enlightenment influence American colonists?
It emphasized reason, natural rights, and self-government, inspiring revolutionary ideas.
What was the impact of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense?
It rallied support for independence by criticizing monarchy and advocating republicanism.
What were the major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
The federal government lacked power to tax, regulate trade, or enforce laws.
What was the significance of the Election of 1800?
It marked the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in U.S. history.
Describe the main elements of Henry Clay’s American System.
A national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements to strengthen the economy.
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
A policy warning European powers not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere and in exchange, the United States would stay out of the Eastern.
What caused the Panic of 1837?
Speculative (risky) lending, Andrew Jackson’s bank policies, and the failure of state banks.
What was the immediate cause of Southern secession?
The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860.
