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What was the Columbian Exchange?
The transfer of goods, crops, animals, people, and diseases between the Americas, Europe, and Africa following Columbus's voyages.
How did maize cultivation affect Native American societies in the Southwest?
It supported economic development, settlement, and social diversification.
What were the motives behind European exploration of the New World?
SIMPLIFIED God (religious conversion), gold (wealth), and glory (competition for power).
What was the encomienda system?
A Spanish labor system that exploited Native Americans for agriculture and mining.
What was the significance of Bartolomé de las Casas?
He criticized the treatment of Native Americans under Spanish rule and advocated for their rights.
What was the primary purpose of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in 1607?
Economic gain through tobacco cultivation.
What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact (1620)?
It was an early example of self-government in the colonies.
How did the system of indentured servitude shape early colonial labor?
It provided labor for plantations before the widespread use of African slavery.
What was the impact of Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)?
It exposed tensions between backcountry settlers and the colonial elite, leading to a shift toward African slavery.
How did the First Great Awakening influence colonial America?
It sparked religious revivals, emphasized individual salvation, and questioned traditional authority.
What was the main cause of the French and Indian War (1754–1763)?
Competition between Britain and France for control of North America.
What was the significance of the Proclamation of 1763?
It prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent conflicts with Native Americans.
What was the purpose of the Stamp Act (1765), and why did it anger colonists?
It taxed paper goods, angering colonists who argued "no taxation without representation."
What role did Thomas Paine's Common Sense play in the Revolutionary War?
It encouraged Americans to break from British rule and inspired the independence movement.
What were the key outcomes of the Treaty of Paris (1783)?
It ended the Revolutionary War and recognized U.S. independence.
What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
Lack of a strong central government, inability to tax, and no executive or judiciary.
