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Apologia Advanced Biology Module 14
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What is the difference between true vocal cords and false vocal cords?
the true vocal cords are essential for phonation, while the false vocal cords sit above the true vocal cords and play a supportive role in protecting the airway
What are p, q, r and s?
p. e-, q. 32 ATP, r. 2 H+, s. H2O
What are k, l, m, n, o?
k. 1 ATP, l. 4.CO2, m. 2H+ n. H+ o. 2e-
What are f, g, h, i, and j?
f. 2 NADH g. 2 acetyl coenzyme-A h. oxaloacetic acid, i. 6 NAD+ j. 2 FADH2
what are a, b, c, d and e
a. 2 ATP b. 2 NADH c. 4 ATP d. 2 pyruvate e. 2CO2
Where does Glycolysis take place?
In the cytosol, which is the fluid part of the cytoplasm.
What causes air to enter your lungs when you "inhale" and leave your lungs when you exhale?
When you inhale, you create a vacuum inside your lungs by lowing the pressure. When you exhale, you increase the air pressure.
Where are the respiratory control centers that give you your automatic rhythm for breathing?
In the medulla oblongata and the pons
What is a pneumothorax?
also known as a collapsed lung, occurs when air leaks into the space around your lungs, called the pleural space.
What is the basement membrane
a thin, delicate membrane of protein fibers and glycosaminoglycans "The epithelial cells secrete this “glue,” which is called the basement membrane"
Fill in the image
Glycolosis: 2 ATP, Oxidation of Pyruvate: 2 CO2, Krebs Cyscle: 4 CO2 and 2 ATP, Electron transport chain: 6 H2O, 32 ATP
Name the 4 of the 6 factors that increase the efficiency of external respiration and one condition that compromises each.
surface area of alveoli, surface area of RBCs, thin respiratory membrane, residual capacity, controlled relationship ventilation/blood flow, narrow cappilaries
If the air we breath has a partial pressure of N2 of 562mmHg, a partial pressure of oxygen of 152mmHgand a partial pressure of CO2 of 0.3mmHg. What does that say about the relative amounts of oxygen and nitrogen and carbon dioxide?
There is almost 4 times as much nitrogen in the air than oxygen, and 500 time more oxygen than carbon dioxide.
normal arterial partial pressure of O2 is 80-100mmHg. Where would you find a partial pressure of O2 to be 50mmHg?
Anywhere after delivering O2 to the tissues
What does partial gas pressure mean?
It is basically shows concentration of the gas
Where in the circulatory system is the partial pressure of CO2 the highest?
Anywhere after picking of CO2 from the tissues
where in the circulatory system is the partial pressure of O2 highest ?
just before the blood exits the lungs
What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?
stretch receptors in the bronchioles send action potentials to the medulla oblongata, to make sure you don't overstretch your lungs and tear tissues
What can the respiratory system do to raise the pH of blood?
Exhaling CO2
What do they use surfactant for and why?
Infant respiratory distress syndrome. Reduces the surface tension in the alveoli (surface tension causes the alveoli surfaces to stick together
What is an Embolus?
a blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object that has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism.(amniotic)
What is Emphysema?
: a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness and the connective tissue becomes stiff
What are the muscles of forced expiration?
abdominal muscles, internal intercostals
What muscles are used for forced inspiration
sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor (diaphragm and intercostals)
What are the Muscles of Principle inspiration?
diaphragm, external intercostals
What happens during normal expiration?
the principal inspiration muscles relax.
What is the upper respiratory tract?
contains the (e)nasal cavity, (d)uvula and (f)Pharynx (para nasal sinuses)
What is residual volume?
air left after forceful expiration
What is total lung capacity?
max volume of air lungs can contain
What is functional residual capacity?
air left in the lungs after normal expiration
What is Tidal volume ?
volume inspired during normal breathing
What is Internal respiration?
the process of O2 and CO2 exchange between the cells and the blood
What is the lower respiratory tract? identify them.
the part of the respiratory system containing the (g)larynx, (h)trachea, (i)bronchi, and lungs
What is External respiration?
The process of O2 and CO2 exchange between the alveoli and the blood
What does it mean to aspirate something?
breathe (something) in; inhale. To take in by suction.
What is surfactant?
a molecule with a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end. compounds that lower the surface tension
What is the Plural cavity?
the space between the visceral pleura on the lungs and the parietal pleura on the inner chest wall.
What is compliance?
the ease with which the lungs inflate
What is a Pneumothorax? What can cause it?
: Air in the plural cavity that leads to a collapsed lung. A wound causing an opening to the outside(stab), or a wound in the lung.
What is ventilation?
: The process of getting air into the lungs and back out
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