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Earth Science Midterm Review
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Underwater earthquakes, volcanoes, or landslides can cause what natural disaster to occur?
tsunamis
Based on this chart, which ocean is Earth’s largest source of saltwater?
Pacific Ocean
Groundwater moves from the ground through plants and then back into the atmosphere through the process of ____________________.
transpiration
Why is most of the Earth’s freshwater unavailable for us to use?
It is frozen.
What causes tides?
gravity
What is the top zone of the ocean?
sunlight zone
What is the deepest part of the ocean?
trench
The Gulf Stream current makes the waters of the North Atlantic ______________.
warmer
An underground reservoir of fresh water is called an _____________.
aquifer
Explain how the Sun is the major source of energy in the water cycle.
It provides the energy to evaporate water on Earth into the atmosphere.
List the steps in the water cycle that transfer water from the ocean to the atmosphere, and then back down to Earth.
evaporation, condensation, precipitation
What are the four types of precipitation?
rain, sleet, snow, & hail
A farmer wants to buy a new farm to grow his crops. He has looked at three. One farm has red clay, one has black loam, and one has sandy soil. Which farm would be best for growing crops?
black loam
What characteristic of soil determines how water moves through the soil?
size of particles
Looking at this chart, which soil would be best for growing tomato plants?
Soil 1
Which type of soil is best for growing plants because it contains a mixture of different soils?
loam
What is the organic material in soil that makes it very fertile for growing plants and gives it a dark color?
humus
What are the preserved or mineralized remains or imprint of an organism that lived long ago?
fossil
Examine this diagram. If these two columns were taken from the same dig site at different locations, which two layers are of approximately the same age?
C & D
If an area was once covered by seawater, what type of fossil would most likely be found there?
fish or other marine life
Moss and fungi grow over a rock and secrete a mild acid, which dissolves the rock over time. This is an example of which kind of weathering?
chemical
Water freezes in the cracks of rocks and then expands, breaking the rocks apart. This is an example of which kind of weathering?
physical
Which of Earth’s processes can cause a mountain to lose height/altitude?
erosion
Erosion caused by a large-scale removal of trees is called _____________.
deforestation
Deltas are shaped by gradual buildup due to ______________.
deposition
Canyons are shaped by gradual wearing away due to ______________.
water erosion
Which mineral test requires you to scratch a mineral on a ceramic plate to check the color of the streak?
streak test
Talc can not scratch any other mineral. What would talc rate on the Mohs Hardness Scale?
1
A diamond can scratch all other minerals. What would a diamond rate on the Mohs Hardness Scale?
10
What are rocks composed of?
minerals
Describe the concept of the rock cycle.
Rocks are continually changing, and any type of rock may be transformed into another type of rock by appropriate processes.
What causes any kind of rock to change into sedimentary rock?
weathering, erosion, and deposition
What causes any kind of rock to change into igneous rock?
melting and cooling
What causes any kind of rock to change into metamorphic rock?
heat and pressure
In this model of the sea floor, what does F represent?
abyssal plain
In this model of the sea floor, what does E represent?
seamount
In this model of the sea floor, what does J represent?
trench
In this model of the sea floor, what does H represent?
mid-ocean ridge
What type of boundary is shown here?
transform
What type of boundary is shown here?
divergent
What type of boundary is shown here?
convergent
Describe how lithospheric plates move across the surface of the Earth
The plates are driven by convection currents within the mantle.
When you stand on the beach and walk into the shallow water, what part of the ocean are you standing on?
continental shelf
Which of the Earth’s layers is liquid?
outer core
This diagram represents Earth’s layers. What does C represent?
mantle
What are the four layers of the Earth (from outer to inner)?
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
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